ETASTASIS of malignant epithelial tumors to the M uterine cervix is a rare occurrence, and the earliest report was in 1880 by Torock and Wittelshofer.' Although the literature contains references to small numbers of cases, many of these are poorly documented and distinction is blurred between direct spread of an adjacent primary tumor and true metastasis from a distant Standard textbooks of gynecologic pathology4 acknowledge the rarity of the condition, and devote little space to its consideration. This study investigates the frequency of this problem and highlights diagnostic pitfalls that may arise when the metastatic deposit, rather than the primary tumor, is responsible for the initial presentation of the patient.
Materials and MethodsThe surgical pathology files of the London Hospital were canvassed for all cases of secondary carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the 65-year period since 19 19: the slides and reports were reviewed and the original conclusions verified. Specifically excluded from the analysis were all cases that, on review, could have been the result of direct extension of a primary tumor, whether intragenital or extragenital in origin. In all cases, the clinical records were retrieved and investigated for confirmation of the pathologic diagnosis and ultimate outcome of the individual patient.
ResultsA total of 33 acceptable cases of metastatic carcinoma were retrieved: 21 cases were from extragenital primary sites, whereas 12 cases were metastatic from ovarian tumors with no evidence of a direct route of spread. The results are tabulated in Table I.Four cases of breast carcinoma with metastasis to the cervix were documented; in one case (Case 30), the vaginal bleeding produced by the cervical lesion was the presenting symptom and biopsy of the ulcerated cervical nodule revealed adenocarcinoma of very poor differentiation. The reporting pathologist raised the possibility of secondary malignancy, with a mammary origin a major suspect. Full physical examination and investigation at this time was unrevealing, but 2 months later a mass became palpable in the right breast, the biopsy specimen of which was shown to consist of intraduct and invasive adenocarcinoma; the invasive element was indistinguishable from the metastatic deposit in the cervix. In the other cases, distant spread to the cervix followed at least 3 years after treatment of the primary tumor in the breast.Five cases of gastric carcinoma were found to have spread to the cervix; in two of these (Cases 26 and 27), the metastasis was discovered only at autopsy, with evidence of secondary lesions elsewhere. In two cases (Cases 23 and 24), physical examination at the time of presentation with upper gastrointestinal symptoms led to the discovery of nodules in the cervix, together with bilateral ovarian deposits of secondary gastric carcinoma.One case of renal cell carcinoma was encountered; this is of particular interest because of the problem of differential diagnosis. The patient presented with vaginal bleeding from an ulcerated nodule o...