“…During IBD, local endothelial dysfunction, which can spread into systemic vascular barrier defects, might also promote generalized vascular inflammation. There is evidence linking IBD with atherosclerosis, coronary dysfunction, and an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality [ 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 ]. Furthermore, IBD patients have an elevated risk of vasculitis, which is linked to more frequent headaches and extraintestinal symptoms [ 249 , 250 ].…”