“…In terms of intervention strategies, three studies (Baghaie Lakeh et al, 2018;Litton et al, 2017;Menger et al, 2018) used earplugs alone, four (Babaii et al, 2015;Daneshmandi et al, 2012;Mahran et al, 2020;Mashayekhi et al, 2013) used eye masks alone, and the remaining six (Bajwa et al, 2015;Dave et al, 2015;Demoule et al, 2017;Hu, Jiang, Hegadoren, et al, 2015;Lin et al, 2016;Yazdannik et al, 2014) used both together. The control groups in these studies only received routine care without wear earplugs or eye masks ( Studies included in quantitative meta-analysis (meta-analysis)(n=13) The intervention duration in these studies ranges from one to three nights, for six to nine hours each night.…”