Cardiotocographic Signal Feature Extraction Through CEEMDAN and Time-Varying Autoregressive Spectral-Based Analysis for Fetal Welfare Assessment

Abstract

Cardiotocograph (CTG) is a widely used tool for fetal surveillance during labor, which provides the joint recording of fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine contraction data. Unfortunately, the CTG interpretation is difficult because it involves a visual analysis of highly complex signals. Recent clinical research indicates that a correct CTG assessment requires a good understanding of the fetal compensatory mechanisms modulated by the autonomic nervous system. Certainly, this modulation reflects variations in the FHR, whose characteristics can involve significant information about the fetal condition. The main contribution of this work is to investigate these characteristics by a new approach combining two signal processing methods: the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) and time-varying autoregressive (TV-AR) modeling. The idea is to study the CEEMDAN intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) in both the time-domain and the spectral-domain in order to extract information that can help to assess the fetal condition. For this purpose, first, the FHR signal is decomposed, and then for each IMF, the TV-AR spectrum is computed in order to study their spectral dynamics over time. In this paper, we first explain the foundations of our proposed features. Then, we evaluate their performance in CTG classification by using three machine learning classifiers. The proposed approach has been evaluated on real CTG data extracted from the CTU-UHB database. Results show that by using only conventional FHR features, the classification performance achieved 78, 0%. Then, by including the proposed CEEMDAN spectral-based features, it increased to 81, 7%. INDEX TERMS Biomedical signal processing, cardiotocograph, empirical mode decomposition, fetal heart rate, spectral analysis, time-varying autoregressive modeling.

Non-linear Methods Predominant in Fetal Heart Rate Analysis: A Systematic Review

“…Moreover, some authors also include in the definition the value of the base excess or base deficit (127). Some authors defined as "at risk of acidemia" when pH < 7.20 (33,47,(128)(129)(130)(131)(132)(133)(134)(135)(136) or pH < 7.15 (30,121,(137)(138)(139)(140)(141)(142)(143); others define when pH < 7.1 (43,126,(144)(145)(146) or even when pH < 7.05 (38,44,48,78,(147)(148)(149)(150)(151)(152)(153)(154)(155)(156)(157)(158)(159)(160)(161)(162)(163)(164)(165)…”

“…Moreover, some authors also include in the definition the value of the base excess or base deficit ( 127 ). Some authors defined as “at risk of acidemia” when pH < 7.20 ( 33 , 47 , 128 – 136 ) or pH < 7.15 ( 30 , 121 , 137 – 143 ); others define when pH < 7.1 ( 43 , 126 , 144 – 146 ) or even when pH < 7.05 ( 38 , 44 , 48 , 78 , 147 – 165 ). Some studies used clinical experts to identify episodes of hypoxia and asphyxia, such as, ( 54 , 166 , 167 ).…”

Investigating an Optimal Signal Epoch Length for Cardiotocographic Classification

“…It is important to note that in [6,14], the feature extraction strategy slightly differs from the operation performed in this work. In those approaches, we had first computed the indicators (e.g.…”

A Wireless High-Sensitivity Fetal Heart Sound Monitoring System

“…The direct calculation method or time-domain windowing can be used to extract the fetal heart rate [ 15 , 16 ]. The signal peak’s positions may drift and any tiny variation in denominator can be amplified.…”