Cardiovascular Adaptation, Functional Capacity, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I/D Polymorphism in Elite Athletes

Association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism with vesicoureteral reflux susceptibility in children: a meta-analysis

“…The level of plasma ACE, constitutively expressed in several types of somatic cells, is linked to an I/D polymorphism of 287 bp in intron 16 of the ACE gene. [34][35][36] D allele and DD homozygote had been reported to be associated with the elevation of plasma ACE levels. [37][38][39] ACE is a key enzyme of RAS that can convert inactive angiotensin I into a vasoactive and aldosterone-stimulating peptide angiotensin II.…”

The association between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene variant and risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The level of plasma ACE, constitutively expressed in several types of somatic cells, is linked to an I/D polymorphism of 287 bp in intron 16 of the ACE gene. 27,28 The D allele and DD homozygosity have been reported to be associated with elevated plasma ACE levels. 29,30 ACE is a key enzyme of the RAS that can convert inactive angiotensin I into a vasoactive and aldosterone-stimulating peptide, angiotensin II.…”

Genetic Markers Associated with Power Athlete Status

“…Several studies have shown the D allele to be associated with greater strength and muscle volumes and an increased percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers. In addition, the D allele and/or DD genotype was shown to be over-represented in British (Myerson et al, 1999), Russian (Nazarov et al, 2001), European and Commonwealth Caucasian swimmers (<400 m) (Woods et al, 2001), Greek sprinters (Papadimitriou et al, 2009), Portuguese (Costa et al, 2009), Spanish strength/power athletes (Boraita et al, 2010) and Caucasian short-and-middle-distance swimmers (Wang et al, 2013a). Contrary to these findings, other report has shown that Korean elite power-oriented athletes had a markedly diminished frequency of the D allele than national level power-oriented athletes or controls (Kim et al, 2010).…”