Cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests:normal responses and age‐related reference values

Piha, S. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1991.tb00459.x

Cited by 139 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This association was both statistically and clinically significant for LF power and EI difference and appropriate sex-specific reference values were given. Also, the association between measures of autonomic function and age is consistent with previous findings [8,9,10,11,12,13], although we found slightly lower associations with age. This could be attributable to the older age of our subjects compared to previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These Ewing test measures, and also HRV and BRS measures, are based on the autonomically mediated response of the heart rate to changes in blood pressure. Autonomic function has been reported to decrease in relation to age [8,9,10,11,12,13] and to differ between men and women [9,14,15]. Furthermore, diabetic patients have lower values on the Ewing battery [3,16,17,18,19], of the spectral analysis of HRV [4,16,20,21], and have a low BRS [5,22] in comparison with normal glucose tolerant control subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Measures of cardiovascular autonomic nervous function: agreement, reproducibility, and reference values in middle age and elderly subjects

et al. 2003

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Aims/hypothesis. Currently, three categories of cardiovascular autonomic nervous function measures are used: classic Ewing-test measures, measures of heartrate variability (HRV), and measures of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Little is known about the agreement between these measures, and reference and reproducibility values for these measures have not been reported within the same group. Methods. As part of the Hoorn Study, 631 subjects aged 50 to 75 participated in a study of autonomic nervous function. Cardiac cycle duration (RR interval) and continuous finger arterial pressure were measured under three conditions: during spontaneous breathing, during six deep breaths over 1 min, and during an active change in position from lying to standing. From these readings, ten measures of autonomic function were assessed (mean heart rate, three Ewing test measures, five HRV measures and one BRS measure). Results. Regression analysis in a healthy subgroup (n=191) showed sex differences for two of the ten measures and seven measures decreased with age. Therefore, appropriate age-specific and sex-specific reference values were calculated. Reproducibility (n=39) of most measures was moderate, with a reliability coefficient of around 50%. Agreement between the measures of autonomic nervous function varied greatly, between 0% and 87%. The HRV-power ratio measure and the blood pressure changes in the lyingto-standing test showed the lowest agreement with all other measures. Conclusion/Interpretation. This study provides agespecific and sex-specific reference values for a wide range of different autonomic function measures in an elderly population. Agreement among the different measures varied widely and reproducibility was only moderate. [Diabetologia (2003) 46:330-338] Keywords Aging, agreement, baroreflex, diabetes mellitus, heart-rate variability, nervous system, autonomic, reference values, reproducibility.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

Measures of cardiovascular autonomic nervous function: agreement, reproducibility, and reference values in middle age and elderly subjects

et al. 2003

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“…At t = 180 min the IV cannula was removed and the subject offered a light lunch prior to leaving the laboratory. On one of the 2 days following lunch, autonomic function was evaluated using standardized cardiovascular reflex tests (Piha 1991). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autonomic nerve function was assessed using standardized cardiovascular reflex tests (Piha 1991). Parasympathetic function was evaluated by the variation (R‐R interval) of the heart rate during deep breathing and the response to standing (“30:15” ratio).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each test result was scored according to age‐adjusted predefined criteria as 0 = normal, 1 = borderline, and 2 = abnormal for a total maximum score of 6. A score ≥3 was considered to indicate autonomic dysfunction (Piha 1991). Orthostatic hypotension (OH) was defined as a reduction in systolic BP of >20 mmHg within 3 min of standing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative effects of glucose and water drinks on blood pressure and cardiac function in older subjects with and without postprandial hypotension

et al. 2017

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Postprandial hypotension (PPH) occurs frequently and is thought to reflect an inadequate increase in cardiac output to compensate for the rise in splanchnic blood flow after a meal. Gastric distension by water attenuates the postprandial fall in blood pressure (BP). Cardiac hemodynamics (stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and global longitudinal strain (GLS)) have hitherto not been measured in PPH. We sought to determine the comparative effects of water and glucose drinks on cardiac hemodynamics in healthy older subjects and individuals with PPH. Eight healthy older subjects (age 71.0 ± 1.7 years) and eight subjects with PPH (age 75.5 ± 1.0 years) consumed a 300 mL drink of either water or 75 g glucose (including 150 mg 13C‐acetate) in randomized order. BP and heart rate (HR) were measured using an automatic device, SV, CO, and GLS by transthoracic echocardiography and gastric emptying by measurement of 13 CO 2. In both groups, glucose decreased systolic BP (P < 0.001) and increased HR, SV, and CO (P < 0.05 for all). The fall in systolic BP was greater (P < 0.05), and increase in HR less (P < 0.05), in the PPH group, with no difference in SV or CO. Water increased systolic BP (P < 0.05) in subjects with PPH and, in both groups, decreased HR (P < 0.05) without affecting SV, CO, or GLS. In subjects with PPH, the hypotensive response to glucose and the pressor response to water were related (R = −0.75, P < 0.05). These observations indicate that, in PPH, the hypotensive response to oral glucose is associated with inadequate compensatory increases in CO and HR, whereas the pressor response to water ingestion is maintained and, possibly, exaggerated.

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Influence of 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the pulse rate of human heart

Korpinen

Partanen

1994

Bioelectromagnetics

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This investigation studied the effects of 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the pulse rate of the human heart. The ECG (electrocardiograms) of 41 male volunteers were recorded with a Holter recorder. Twenty-six subjects were measured in and outside real fields, and 15 subjects were measured in and outside "sham" fields. The blood pressure and EEG (electroencephalogram) were also measured, but this article presents only the results of ECG recordings. The measurements took 3 h. The subjects were first sitting for 1 h outside the fields, then 1 h in the real or "sham" fields, and then, again, 1 h outside the fields. The electric field strength varied from 3.5 to 4.3 kV/m and the magnetic flux density from 1.4 to 6.6 microT. An analysis of the ECG recordings showed that the subjects' pulse rates were the same in and outside the fields. No response occurred when the subjects were exposed to real or "sham" fields.

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Cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests:normal responses and age‐related reference values

Cited by 139 publications

References 40 publications

Measures of cardiovascular autonomic nervous function: agreement, reproducibility, and reference values in middle age and elderly subjects

Measures of cardiovascular autonomic nervous function: agreement, reproducibility, and reference values in middle age and elderly subjects

Comparative effects of glucose and water drinks on blood pressure and cardiac function in older subjects with and without postprandial hypotension

Influence of 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the pulse rate of human heart

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