Cardiovascular disease occurrence in two close but different social environments

Abstract

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases estimate to be the leading cause of death and loss of disability-adjusted life years globally. Conventional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases only partly account for the social gradient. The purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence of the most frequent cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular mortality in two close cities, the Twin cities.MethodsWe focused on the total population in two neighbour and equally sized cities with a population of around 135 000 inhabitants each. These twin cities represent two different social environments in the same Swedish county. According to their social history they could be labelled a "blue-collar" and a "white-collar" city. Morbidity data for the two cities was derived from an administrative health care register based on medical records assigned by the physicians at both hospitals and primary care. The morbidity data presented are cumulative incidence rates and the data on mortality for ischemic heart diseases is based on official Swedish statistics.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of different cardiovascular diagnoses for younger and also elderly men and women revealed significantly differences for studied cardiovascular diagnoses. The occurrence rates were in all aspects highest in the population of the "blue-collar" twin city for both sexes.ConclusionsThis study revealed that there are significant differences in risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between the populations in the studied different social environments. These differences seem to be profound and stable over time and thereby give implication for public health policy to initiate a community intervention program in the "blue-collar" twin city.

Defining the Path Between Social and Economic Factors, Clinical and Lifestyle Determinants, and Cardiovascular Disease

“…Regarding the type of occupation, it has been associated with CVD development, with blue-collar workers or low-level employees having increased mortality [32,33], as well as higher likelihood for a coronary [34,35] or a stroke event [36]. As far as blue-collar workers are concerned, they generally have to cope with higher occupational stress and may turn to unhealthier behaviors, such as smoking, as a means for anxiety reduction [37].…”

Co-self-assembly of cationic microparticles to deliver pEGFP-ZNF580 for promoting the transfection and migration of endothelial cells

“…Figure 2D demonstrates characteristic resonances of NHCH 2 CH 2 protons in PEI at 2.4 ppm to 3.2 ppm. 3,29 The content of LA and MMD was almost same in P(MMD-co-LA) blocks of mPEG-b-P(MMDco-LA) and star-shaped P(MMD-co-LA)-OH calculated according to 1 H NMR. These results suggested that mPEGb-P(MMD-co-LA) and cationic P(MMD-co-LA)-g-PEI copolymers were synthesized successfully.…”

“…1 Coronary bypass surgery is one of the most vital procedures for treating occluded coronary arteries. 2,3 However, restenosis of artificial blood vessels usually leads to the failure of the surgery.…”

Risks for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged women in different social environments

“…The inhabitants of the blue collar city are generally less educated, are more often smokers, exercise less, are more overweight, have more periods of sick leave, have shorter life expectancy and a higher frequency of cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disorders, but also mental illness, musculoskeletal disease, and rheumatism, etc. These differences seem to have remained stable over the years (Wennerholm et al 2011, Grodzinsky et al 2012.…”

“…Social factors such as low socioeconomic status, including a poor residential area, low educational level, a low-status job, and low income predispose for CVD (Perk et al 2012), especially in working ages (Reinier K, 2011). A higher presence of classical risk factors in low socioeconomic groups only partly explains the difference (Wennerholm et al 2011).…”