Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of antidiabetic agents: A network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

AimAn important characteristic of glucose‐lowering therapies (GLTs) is their ability to prevent cardiovascular complications. We aimed to investigate the cardiorenal efficacy and general safety of GLTs.Materials and MethodsMulticentre, randomized, clinical trials that included over 100 participants comparing antidiabetic agents with a placebo or a different antidiabetic agent and reporting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), or primarily reporting heart failure, were searched in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Data were extracted independently for random‐effects network meta‐analyses to calculate the hazard ratio estimates.ResultsForty‐three trials that compared nine types of GLTs were included in the present analysis. The risk of three‐point MACE was reduced in the presence of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs), sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT‐2is) and thiazolidinedione therapy compared with the placebo, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, or insulin therapy. GLP‐1 RAs were favourable for cardiovascular and renal outcomes. SGLT‐2is reduced renal outcomes by ~40%, which was superior to other GLTs. Thiazolidinedione therapy increased the risks of hospitalization for heart failure and had no benefits on mortality. Adverse events leading to drug discontinuation were higher with GLP‐1 RAs and thiazolidinediones than placebo.ConclusionsGLP‐1 RAs, SGLT‐2is and thiazolidinediones reduced three‐point MACE compared with other GLTs. Each drug class had unique advantages and disadvantages.

Pancreatic beta‐cell mass and function and therapeutic implications of using antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes

“…This distinctive action not only reduces blood glucose levels but also induces a mild osmotic diuresis, contributing to a modest decline in blood pressure. Beyond glycemic control, SGLT‐2 inhibitors have shown benefits for cardiovascular and renal health 139 , 140 , 141 . Although several studies suggest a protective effect of SGLT‐2 inhibitors on pancreatic β‐cells 142 , 143 , 144 , the precise mechanism has not been determined yet 145 .…”