Carica papaya L. Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects

Abstract

The prevalence of viral infections, cancer, and diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate around the world, and these diseases are now considered to be the most serious risks to human well-being in the modern period. There is a widespread practice in Asian countries of using papaya leaves (C. papaya L.) as herbal medicine, either alone or in combination with prescribed medications, to treat a variety of ailments. The importance of conducting the necessary descriptive studies in order to determine the safety of papaya leaf consumption is also emphasized in the context of their application in the healthcare sector. Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed were used to gather information on papaya leaves, their therapeutic potential, and clinical evidence-based studies. The literature was gathered from publications on papaya leaves, their therapeutic potential, and clinical evidence-based studies. The antidengue, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects of papaya leaves discussed in this article are supported by evidence from preclinical, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical trial studies, as well as from other sources. Leaves have been investigated for their mechanism of action as well as their potential to be used in the development of novel herbal products for the health business. According to the reports gathered, only a small number of research demonstrated that leaf extract at high concentrations was hazardous to certain organs. The collective literature reviewed in this review provides insights into the use of papaya leaves as a cure for epidemic diseases, highlighting the phytochemical composition and pharmacological attributes of papaya leaves, as well as the results of various preclinical and clinical studies that have been conducted so far on the subject. The review clearly demonstrates the successful medical evidence for the use of papaya leaf extracts in the healthcare system as a supplemental herbal medication in a variety of clinical settings.

Mercuric Chloride Induced Nephrotoxicity: Ameliorative Effect of Carica papaya Leaves Confirmed by Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, and Gene Expression Studies

“…The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of C. papaya leaves (ECP) revealed the following bioactive compounds: flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, quinones, phytosterols, triterpenoids, proteins, fixed oil, and fats (Table ). Previous studies suggested that C. papaya leaves have predominantly similar phytochemicals to different extracts. − The present findings are consistent with the previous literature indicating that the ECP had similar bioactive compounds (Figure a,b). The total phenols and flavonoids in the ECP leaves were found to possess beneficial effects in an experimental model A previous study showed that the leaves of Physalis peruviana had promising potential effects on carbon tetrachloride induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats.…”

“…Previous studies suggested that C. papaya leaves have predominantly similar phytochemicals to different extracts. 39 − 41 The present findings are consistent with the previous literature indicating that the ECP had similar bioactive compounds ( Figure 2 a,b). The total phenols and flavonoids in the ECP leaves were found to possess beneficial effects in an experimental model A previous study showed that the leaves of Physalis peruviana had promising potential effects on carbon tetrachloride induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats.…”

In Vivo Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Carica papaya Seeds and Its Isolated Flavonoid on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats

“…As a result, the search for these nephroprotective compounds has grown. Carica papaya seeds have long been utilized in diverse civilizations for their therapeutic attributes, effectively treating a wide range of health conditions, including digestive disorders and parasite infections [4]. Scientific inquiry into these seeds has unveiled a rich phytochemical landscape, teeming with bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins.…”

Antifungal activity of Carica papaya fruit extract against Microsporum canis: in vitro and in vivo study

“…( Aruljothi et al, 2014 ). According to many studies, papaya’s fruits are a potent source of antibacterial agents that can be used by pharmaceutical industries to produce medications ( Hariono et al, 2021 ; Sharma et al, 2022 ). Additionally, researchers in China found that papaya seed essential oil (EO) has promising anticandidal activity and identified C. papaya as a potential natural source of antifungal agents ( He et al, 2017 ).…”