Caring for the environment: How human capital, natural resources, and economic growth interact with environmental degradation in Pakistan? A dynamic ARDL approach

Zhang, Lingyun; Godil, Danish Iqbal; Bibi, Munaza; Khan, Muhammad Imran; Sarwat, Salman; Anser, Muhammad Khalid

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145553

Cited by 233 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Economic activities lead to more energy consumption and more serious environmental degradation (Sharma et al, 2020;. Our findings coincide with the findings of Ozcan et al (2018), , and Zhang et al (2021).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Financial development and environmental degradation: Do human capital and institutional quality make a difference?

et al. 2022

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Emerging countries are heading towards economic prosperity; however, the process of development has enhanced their ecological footprint. Therefore, to safeguard the environment, it is essential to identify the factors that affect the ecological footprint (EF). In this perspective, this study explores the effect of financial development, human capital, and institutional quality on the EF in emerging countries. Furthermore, we explore the effect of financial development on EF through the channel of human capital. In addition, we investigate the role of institutional quality in the financial development-EF nexus. Using the panel data from 1984 to 2017, we employed the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) technique to conduct the short-run and long-run empirical analysis. The empirical outcomes unveiled that financial development degrades the ecological quality by raising the EF. The findings further unfolded that human capital and institutional quality reduce the EF. Moreover, financial development fosters environmental sustainability through the channel of human capital. Additionally, institution quality reduces the negative ecological impacts of financial development. The causality analysis suggested that any policy related to financial development, human capital, and institutional quality will affect EF but not the other way round. Based on these findings, emerging economies should promote environmental sustainability by promoting human capital and effectively using financial resources.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Their estimates confirmed that human capital poses a favorable but insignificant impact on EF, while economic growth and natural resources increase the degradation of the environment. On the contrary, Zhang et al (2021)…”

Section: Human Capital-ecological Footprint Nexusmentioning

confidence: 97%

Financial development and environmental degradation: Do human capital and institutional quality make a difference?

et al. 2022

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“…Sustainable development encompasses many indicators and various functional sectors as outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015. Hence, besides considering the economic dimension (notably economic growth indicators), any country dreaming to attain sustainable development must consider the social dimension with regard to enhancements in human capital through quality health and education (Raheem et al, 2018;Ogundari and Awokuse, 2018;Jayadevan, 2021) as well as ensuring environmental sustainability Sarkodie et al, 2020;Hassan et al, 2020;Erdogan et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021). Nevertheless, to achieve this, there is need to consider the quality of institutions given that governance indicators like corruption and the rule of law (Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian, 2013;Bulte and Damania, 2008;Zalle, 2019) are believed to greatly affect the functioning of the economy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource rents and inclusive human development in developing countries

2021

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This study aims to empirically verify the effects of natural resource rents on inclusive human development in developing countries. The results from the IV Tobit regression show that natural resource rents have a positive direct effect on inclusive human development in developing countries and that this relationship varies by regional groupings, income levels, level of development and export structure. Looking at the transmission mechanisms, when the interactive variables of governance and environmental quality is introduced, the modulating channel through governance exerts a robust negative synergy effect in the sample of developing countries and positive synergy effects for Africa and low-income countries. When the interactive variable of CO2 emissions is introduced for Africa, a negative net effect of natural resource rents on inclusive human development is obtained. This was up to a policy threshold of 25.4412 of CO2 emissions when the negative effect is nullified. For Asia and the Latin America and Caribbean, a positive net effect is obtained. This is up to a CO2 emissions threshold of 29.038 and 3.6752 respectively, when the positive effect is nullified. Besides, the high income and the upper-middle income countries produce a negative net effect of resource rents on inclusive human development through CO2 modulation, with up to positive CO2 emission thresholds of 37.9365 and 23.6257 respectively. Policy implications are highlighted. In summary, contingent on engaged specificities, where conditional effects are negative, negative thresholds for complementary policies have been provided and in scenarios where conditional impacts are positive, actionable positive thresholds have been provided.

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“…Ɛ represents the error term, k is the maximum lag length, and m indicates the lag's optimal number, and this study uses the Akaike information criterion (AIC). The AIC tends to select the maximum relevant lag length, increase the model's dynamic, and prevent the model from being under-fit (Zhang et al, 2021;Bekhet and Othman, 2017).…”

Section: Stationary and Cointegration Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the early 1990s, economists and environmentalists have extensively investigated economic growth and environmental quality. Several studies (Zhang et al, 2021;Sharif et al, 2020;Suki et al, 2020;Balsalobre-Lorente et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2016;Dogan and Turkekul, 2016;Ozturk and Al-Mulali et al, 2015) reported most of the country's economic growth achievements lead to the cost of environmental pollution. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates the necessary steps to reduce the amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO 2 emissions, by 40-70% compared to a decade ago.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Effects of Malaysia's Government Spending on Environment Quality: Bridging Stirpat and Ekc Hypothesis

Othman

Bekhet²

2021

IJEEP

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Caring for the environment: How human capital, natural resources, and economic growth interact with environmental degradation in Pakistan? A dynamic ARDL approach

Cited by 233 publications

References 66 publications

Financial development and environmental degradation: Do human capital and institutional quality make a difference?

Financial development and environmental degradation: Do human capital and institutional quality make a difference?

Resource rents and inclusive human development in developing countries

Dynamic Effects of Malaysia's Government Spending on Environment Quality: Bridging Stirpat and Ekc Hypothesis

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