Carnitine Enigma: From Antioxidant Action to Vitagene Regulation. Part 1. Absorption, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Activities

Surai, Peter F.

doi:10.13188/2325-4645.1000017

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 194 publications

(235 reference statements)

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“…Once the ROS/RNS production exceeds the ability of the antioxidant defence system to neutralise them, oxidative stress occurs and important biological molecules, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PAFAs), proteins and DNA can be damaged leading to detrimental consequences in terms of health, growth and development of poultry. Therefore, the antioxidant defence includes several options [13,15,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94] (Figure 1): Figure 1. Antioxidant defence mechanisms (adapted from Reference [13]).…”

Section: Antioxidant Defence Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of findings clearly indicate that the vitagene concept can also be valid in poultry [177][178][179]. Indeed, the vitagene concept was further developed and validated in relation to poultry production [13,[89][90][91][92]112,113,179]. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that there is a great opportunity to nutritionally modulate the vitagene network using various nutritional supplements, including phytochemicals [176], carnitine, [90,180], betaine, taurine and vitamins A, E and D [13,181].…”

Section: Sirtuinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update

et al. 2019

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Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stressors in poultry production. During evolution, antioxidant defence systems were developed in poultry to survive in an oxygenated atmosphere. They include a complex network of internally synthesised (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, (glutathione) GSH, (coenzyme Q) CoQ) and externally supplied (vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) antioxidants. In fact, all antioxidants in the body work cooperatively as a team to maintain optimal redox balance in the cell/body. This balance is a key element in providing the necessary conditions for cell signalling, a vital process for regulation of the expression of various genes, stress adaptation and homeostasis maintenance in the body. Since ROS/RNS are considered to be important signalling molecules, their concentration is strictly regulated by the antioxidant defence network in conjunction with various transcription factors and vitagenes. In fact, activation of vitagenes via such transcription factors as Nrf2 leads to an additional synthesis of an array of protective molecules which can deal with increased ROS/RNS production. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a system of optimal antioxidant supplementation to help growing/productive birds maintain effective antioxidant defences and redox balance in the body. On the one hand, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or minerals (e.g., Se, Mn, Cu and Zn) are a compulsory part of the commercial pre-mixes for poultry, and, in most cases, are adequate to meet the physiological requirements in these elements. On the other hand, due to the aforementioned commercially relevant stressors, there is a need for additional support for the antioxidant system in poultry. This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes (via Nrf2-related mechanisms: superoxide dismutase, SOD; heme oxygenase-1, HO-1; GSH and thioredoxin, or other mechanisms: Heat shock protein (HSP)/heat shock factor (HSP), sirtuins, etc.) to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance. Therefore, the development of vitagene-regulating nutritional supplements is on the agenda of many commercial companies worldwide.

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Section: Antioxidant Defence Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sirtuinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update

et al. 2019

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“…As can be seen from data presented above the antioxidant defence includes several options ( Surai, 2015a , Surai, 2015b , Surai, 2015c , Surai, 2015d , Surai, 2015e , Surai and Fisinin, 2015a , Surai and Fisinin, 2015b ): decrease localised oxygen concentration; decrease activity of pro-oxidant enzymes and improve efficiency of electron chain in the mitochondria and decreasing electron leakage leading to superoxide production; prevention of chain initiation by scavenging initial radicals due to inducing various transcription factors (e.g., NF-E2-related factor 2 [Nrf2], nuclear factor-κB [NF-κB] and others) and ARE-related synthesis of AO enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, glutathione reductase [GR], glutathione S-transferase [GST], etc. ); binding metal ions (metal-binding proteins) and metal chelating; decomposition of peroxides by converting them to non-radical, nontoxic products (Se-GSH-Px); chain breaking by scavenging intermediate radicals such as peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals (vitamins E, C, GSH, uric acid, ubiquinol, bilirubin, etc.…”

Section: Detrimental and Regulatory Roles Of Free Radicals And Antioxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in stress conditions ascorbic acid supplementation of the breeder's diet could have some positive effects ( Shit et al., 2012 , Wang et al., 2011 , Cheng et al., 1990 ). It is interesting to mention that, L-carnitine, possessing antioxidant properties ( Surai, 2015a , Surai, 2015d , Surai, 2015e ), in the diet of hens affected carcase traits of their progeny. In particular, dietary hen L-carnitine decreased carcase fat and increased breast meat in progeny fed high nutrient density diets ( Kidd et al., 2005 ).…”

Section: Antioxidant Defences Of the Developing Embryomentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant systems in chick embryo development. Part 1. Vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium

2016

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Chick viability is known to be an important factor determining profitability of the poultry industry. Chick embryo tissues contain a high proportion of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid fraction and therefore need antioxidant defence. The antioxidant system of the developing embryo and newly hatched chick includes the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase), water-soluble antioxidants (ascorbic acid, taurine, carnitine, glutathione, etc.), fat-soluble antioxidants (vitamin E, carotenoids, coenzyme Q) as well as selenium (Se). In fact, the high levels of endogenous antioxidants within the egg and embryonic tissues can clearly serve as a major adaptive mechanism for the protection of the tissue during the oxidative stress experienced at hatching. It has been shown that among different nutrients in the maternal diet which could significantly affect chick embryo development and their viability in the early posthatch life, natural antioxidants have been suggested to play a central role. Our data indicate that increased supplementation of the maternal diet can substantially increase concentrations of vitamin E, carotenoids (especially canthaxanthin) and Se in developing chick tissues and significantly decrease susceptibility to lipid peroxidation being effective nutritional tools to deal with various commercial stresses in poultry production.

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“…L-Carnitine shows protective effects of both mitochondrial structure and function, as reported by Kumaran and colleagues [ 128 ], showing the improvement of the electron transport chain enzymes after the L-carnitine treatment. Furthermore, L-carnitine effects on PPAR-α and NRF 2 pathways and SOD and CAT activation also result in protective action on mitochondria [ 126 ].…”

Section: L-carnitine Antioxidant Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-Carnitine in Drosophila: A Review

Carillo¹,

Bertapelle

Scialò

et al. 2020

Antioxidants

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L-Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a key role in the metabolism of fatty acids, including the shuttling of long-chain fatty acyl CoA to fuel mitochondrial β-oxidation. In addition, L-carnitine reduces oxidative damage and plays an essential role in the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. L-carnitine also plays an essential role in the control of cerebral functions, and the aberrant regulation of genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis and mitochondrial carnitine transport in Drosophila models has been linked to neurodegeneration. Drosophila models of neurodegenerative diseases provide a powerful platform to both unravel the molecular pathways that contribute to neurodegeneration and identify potential therapeutic targets. Drosophila can biosynthesize L-carnitine, and its carnitine transport system is similar to the human transport system; moreover, evidence from a defective Drosophila mutant for one of the carnitine shuttle genes supports the hypothesis of the occurrence of β-oxidation in glial cells. Hence, Drosophila models could advance the understanding of the links between L-carnitine and the development of neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the current knowledge on L-carnitine in Drosophila and discusses the role of the L-carnitine pathway in fly models of neurodegeneration.

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Carnitine Enigma: From Antioxidant Action to Vitagene Regulation. Part 1. Absorption, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Activities

Cited by 16 publications

References 194 publications

Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update

Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update

Antioxidant systems in chick embryo development. Part 1. Vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium

L-Carnitine in Drosophila: A Review

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