Carotenoids obtained from an ionic liquid-mediated process display anti-inflammatory response in the adipose tissue-liver axis

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as more efficient and sustainable solvents to replace volatile organic solvents (VOS). However, the drawbacks associated to their use are still limiting the regular...

Supplementation of carotenoids from peach palm waste (Bactris gasipaes) obtained with an ionic liquid mediated process displays kidney anti-inflammatory and antioxidant outcomes

“…Additionally, the low adiponectin levels have been reported to stimulate the endothelial cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and are related to renal dysfunction and proteinuria ( Tesauro, Mascali, Franzese, Cipriani, Cardillo & Di Daniele, 2012 ). In our previous work ( de Souza Mesquita, Casagrande et al, 2021d ), we demonstrated that the adiponectin level corroborates this work's findings since animals supplemented with VOS-carotenoids have a lower level compared to those supplemented with IL-carotenoids, independent of the diet (Control or HFD). It states that obesity itself might be a trigger factor to kidney diseases and a molecular inflammatory derangement.…”

“…Notably, the high-fat diet (HFD) model efficiently induced body gain mass during the experimental period associated with hyperphagia and increased caloric intake ( de Souza Mesquita, Casagrande et al, 2021d ). The fast body mass gain reproduces an obesity induction model, which promotes the development of other non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and kidney failure ( Kiortsis and Christou, 2012 , da Silva Junior et al, 2017 ).…”

“…The exposure to the HFD and the tested supplementation were concomitant during the experimental period of seven days. This experimental procedure was chosen due to its efficiency in assessing the effects of supplementation on acute inflammation and oxidative stress indicators, as already performed by ( Santamarina et al, 2018 , Santamarina et al, 2019 , de Souza Mesquita et al, 2021 ).…”

“…As an alternative to the use of VOS, studies have currently been carried out with non-volatile alternative solvents, mostly the ionic liquids (ILs) and more recently deep eutectic solvents, which are already proved to be efficient alternative solvents replacing VOS-based extractions, in addition to representing a more sustainable option, since it can be recovered, reused and recycled in new (or even different) processes ( de Souza Mesquita, Martins, Pisani, Ventura & de Rosso, 2021 ). However, despite the novelty, the applications of ILs remain poorly explored regarding biological effects, with little evidence of its safe application in vivo models ( de Souza Mesquita, Casagrande et al, 2021d ).…”

“…Recent data from our research group has established a new sustainable method for Bactris gasipaes carotenoids extraction applying an ethanolic solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate – [C 4 C 1 im][BF 4 ] utterly free of any residual level of VOS and ILs by the end of the process ( de Souza Mesquita et al, 2019 ). The resulting extract was rich in carotenoids and gave rise to promising results regarding the safety intake and the preservation of bioactive molecules with high antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory action, suggesting a potential safety for the food industry application ( de Souza Mesquita, Casagrande et al, 2021d ).…”