Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins and cartilage morphogenesis

Articular cartilage repair: basic science and clinical progress. A review of the current status and prospects

“…The usefulness of different signaling substances, i.e., growth factors, in inducing chondrogenesis has been evaluated mainly in-vitro and to only a limited degree in vivo. Recent reviews covering this field have been written by Reddi et al 29,431,432 , Glowacki 433 and van den Berg 434 . In-vitro experiments have involved various combinations of matrix, cell type and growth factor, such as collagen matrices containing bone-marrow stromal cells and TGF-1 435,436 , agarose matrices containing chondrocytes and FGF-2 437 , fibrin matrices containing chondrocytes and IGF-1 236 , and polylactate matrices containing perichondrial cells and TGF-1 233,384 .…”

“…Success in the future depends upon our now following a more rational approach to the problem, based on biological principles at the molecular, cell and physiological levels. Tissue engineering cannot be viewed simply as a recapitulation of embryological differentiation processes, as is frequently suggested 11,29,432 , since the cellular microenvironment and tissue contextualities encountered in adult organisms are fundamentally different from those pertaining in embryological ones. Apart from the signaling substances, which are most probably the same, every other component is different, including the existence of an active immune system in fully-developed organisms.…”

Bone morphogenetic proteins in tissue engineering: the road from the laboratory to the clinic, part I (basic concepts)

“…For instance, besides being used for differentiation of cartilage and bone BMP-4 is being studied for a role in keeping the undifferentiated state in embryonic stem cells (Qi et al, 2004). BMPs Wang et al, 1990a;Kang et al, 2004;Callis et al, 2005 BMP-3 Osteogenin Negative regulator of bone morphogenesis Hino et al, 2004 BMP-3b GDF-10 Negative regulator of bone morphogenesis Hino et al, 2004 BMP-4 BMP-2b Cartilage and bone morphogenesis/kidney formation Luyten et al, 1994;Kubler et al, 1998a;Oxburgh et al, 2005 BMP-5 -Limb development/bone morphogenesis Cho et al, 2002;Zuzarte-Luis et al, 2004 BMP-6 Vrg1, Dvr6 Hypertrophy of cartilage/bone morphogenesis/oestrogen mediation Gitelman et al, 1994;Rickard et al, 1998;Kang et al, 2004 BMP-7 OP-1 Cartilage and bone morphogenesis/kidney formation Reddi, 1998;Kang et al, 2004;Simic and Vukicevic, 2005 BMP-8 OP-2 Bone morphogenesis/spermatogenesis Ozkaynak et al, 1992;Zhao et al, 1996;Cho et al, 2002 BMP-9 GDF-2 Bone morphogenesis/development of cholinergic neurons/glucose metabolism Chen et al, 2003;Kang et al, 2004;Lopez-Coviella et al, 2006 BMP-11 GDF-11 Axial skeleton patterning/eye development/pancreas development/kidney formation Esquela and Lee, 2003;Harmon et al, 2004;Kim et al, 2005;Andersson et al, 2006 Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins BMP-12 CDMP-3, GDF-7 Ligament and tendon development/development of sensory neurons Reddi, 2003;Lo et al, 2005 BMP-13 CDMP-2, GDF-6 Cartilage development and hypertrophy Reddi, 2003 BMP-14 CDMP-1, GDF-5 Chondrogenesis/angiogenesis…”

Distinct patterns of gene expression in the superficial, middle and deep zones of bovine articular cartilage

“…The zonal organization of hyaline articular cartilage is evident from the morphology of the chondrocytes and organization of the extracellular matrix within each zone Bank et al, 1998;Kempson et al, 1973;Ulrich-Vinther et al, 2003). Hyaline articular cartilage is devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels; this tissue relies on diffusion and joint motion for nutrition and metabolism (Nakashima and Reddi, 2003;Reddi, 1998aReddi, , 1998b. This key attribute contributes to the poor regenerative potential of hyaline articular cartilage during surgical repair.…”