Case Report: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Lucas, C E; Aranha, João; Rocha, Isabel da; Sousa, Domingos

doi:10.12688/f1000research.21431.1

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Besides classical, adaptive T cells, innate natural killer (NK) cells and nonconventional T cells, such as natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells and MAIT cells, have been proposed as possible important immunological players in COVID-19, since they can rapidly respond to inflammatory signals and orchestrate inflammation [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. We therefore analysed the frequency of NK cells and nonconventional T cells in patients with COVID-19 next.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells Are Highly Activated and Functionally Impaired in COVID-19 Patients

Deschler

Kager

Erber

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), comprises mild courses of disease as well as progression to severe disease, characterised by lung and other organ failure. The immune system is considered to play a crucial role for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, although especially the contribution of innate-like T cells remains poorly understood. Here, we analysed the phenotype and function of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, innate-like T cells with potent antimicrobial effector function, in patients with mild and severe COVID-19 by multicolour flow cytometry. Our data indicate that MAIT cells are highly activated in patients with COVID-19, irrespective of the course of disease, and express high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A and TNFα ex vivo. Of note, expression of the activation marker HLA-DR positively correlated with SAPS II score, a measure of disease severity. Upon MAIT cell-specific in vitro stimulation, MAIT cells however failed to upregulate expression of the cytokines IL-17A and TNFα, as well as cytolytic proteins, that is, granzyme B and perforin. Thus, our data point towards an altered cytokine expression profile alongside an impaired antibacterial and antiviral function of MAIT cells in COVID-19 and thereby contribute to the understanding of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells Are Highly Activated and Functionally Impaired in COVID-19 Patients

Deschler

Kager

Erber

et al. 2021

Viruses

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show abstract

“…Moreover, the administration of recombinant ACE2 was well tolerated by healthy human subjects [ 41 ]. The neutralization of the 2019 novel coronavirus by the administration of ACE2 protein has been proposed as a therapeutic modality [ 230 , 231 ]. Recombinant ACE2 also remarkably rescued Ang II-induced hypertension, pathological hypertrophy, oxidant injury, and cardiac dysfunction [ 232 , 233 ].…”

Section: Immune Suppression Therapy Reduces Ang Ii-dependent Inflammamentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective role of ACE2 and its downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to Macrophage Activation Syndrome: Therapeutic implications

et al. 2020

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In light of the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the international scientific community has joined forces to develop effective treatment strategies. The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) 2, is an essential receptor for cell fusion and engulfs the SARS coronavirus infections. ACE2 plays an important physiological role, practically in all the organs and systems. Also, ACE2 exerts protective functions in various models of pathologies with acute and chronic inflammation. While ACE2 downregulation by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein leads to an overactivation of Angiotensin (Ang) II/AT1R axis and the deleterious effects of Ang II may explain the multiorgan dysfunction seen in patients. Specifically, the role of Ang II leading to the appearance of Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) and the cytokine storm in COVID-19 is discussed below. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress in the strategies of treatments that mainly focus on reducing the Ang II-induced deleterious effects rather than attenuating the virus replication.

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“…The vaccine candidate provides a long-lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2 following a single vaccination. 39 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Up-to-Date Status of Candidate Vaccines for COVID-19 Disease

Belete¹

2021

IDR

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Case Report: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Cited by 17 publications

References 11 publications

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells Are Highly Activated and Functionally Impaired in COVID-19 Patients

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells Are Highly Activated and Functionally Impaired in COVID-19 Patients

Protective role of ACE2 and its downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to Macrophage Activation Syndrome: Therapeutic implications

Review on Up-to-Date Status of Candidate Vaccines for COVID-19 Disease

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