Caso único: el efecto Ringelmann en un bote de remo de elite

Studying Well and Performing Well: A Bayesian Analysis on Team and Individual Rowing Performance in Dual Career Athletes

“…Surprisingly, it seems that being a male athlete somehow "prevents" the emergence of the social loafing effect, as when the amount of watts is set to achieve 100% High, more male rowers probability is required, and to achieve a hypothetical 100% Low, that probability has to be inversely reduced. This datum has not been sufficiently reflected in prior studies on team performance and sex or gender (Kerr and Bruun, 1983;Harkins, 1987;René et al, 2006;Caracuel et al, 2011;Hagen, 2015;Haugen et al, 2016;Karau and Williams, 2016;Latané et al, 2019), nor in those that evaluate the psychological dynamics in team sports (Kerr and Bruun, 1983;Harkins, 1987;Hogg and Vaughan, 2010;Høigaard et al, 2010Høigaard et al, , 2013Czyż et al, 2016;Jaenes et al, 2018). Given its practical implications, it deserves to be thoroughly studied in future research.…”

“…This datum has not been sufficiently reflected in prior studies on team performance and sex or gender (Kerr and Bruun, 1983;Harkins, 1987;René et al, 2006;Caracuel et al, 2011;Hagen, 2015;Haugen et al, 2016;Karau and Williams, 2016;Latané et al, 2019), nor in those that evaluate the psychological dynamics in team sports (Kerr and Bruun, 1983;Harkins, 1987;Hogg and Vaughan, 2010;Høigaard et al, 2010Høigaard et al, , 2013Czyż et al, 2016;Jaenes et al, 2018).…”

“…However, in the individual rowing condition in the sample studied, the probability values found in our sample clearly indicate that the changes in the probability of the two "epidemiological" tops: academic record (with a really high probability value) and type of sport practiced (individual or team), together with the two behavioral variables, the strokes (at 50% between High and Low) and the meters covered (high probability of occurrence), have an impact on the two nodes and, above all, on the bottom one, which is the value of the watt input or energy exerted (its probability seems to be almost 50% between high and low). The fact that the number of strokes (observable behavior and more easily quantifiable) are not in any case a bottom variable or "daughter" of the other variables, but the watts (the force exerted in each one of them in the two conditions) are, is a very relevant datum that has not previously been observed (Kerr and Bruun, 1983;Caracuel et al, 2011;Høigaard et al, 2013;Czyż et al, 2016;Haugen et al, 2016;Jaenes et al, 2018).…”

“…In particular, public evaluation or making public the contribution of each member to the total performance of the group, have been highlighted as key situational factors in inhibiting part of social loafing, supporting the idea that this phenomenon could be explained as a loss of motivation caused by a lower degree of recognition or evaluation (Kerr and Bruun, 1983;Harkins, 1987;René et al, 2006;Gavala González, 2010;Gavala-González, 2012;Hagen, 2015;Latané et al, 2019). Furthermore, this effect appears to significantly reduce when the participants feel that they belong to a cohesive group, are satisfied with their role in the team, see high levels of collective performance (Hogg and Vaughan, 2010;Høigaard et al, 2010), are top-level athletes (Jaenes et al, 2018), previously knew the teammates (Kerr and Bruun, 1983;Harkins, 1987) or regularly compete in teams (Czyż et al, 2016). In terms of motivation, when the group atmosphere is perceived as part of the task, social loafing also reduces due to the existence of performance self-referencing rather than the social comparison inherent to an ego-centric atmosphere (Høigaard et al, 2013).…”