Catalytic behaviour of TiO₂–ZrO₂ binary oxide synthesized by sol–gel process for glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Abstract

A combination of TiO2–ZrO2 and Amberlyst 70 remarkably catalyzes glucose conversion to HMF in a biphasic media.

Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Anatase as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Enhanced Production of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural from Glucose in Water

“…However, the process requires high catalyst loadings (e.g.,c atalyst/substrate ratio = 10:1). [23,25,29] Notably,i nt he case of biphasic systems, the continuousr emoval of HMF from the sugar-containing aqueous phase greatly contributes to even higher HMF yields than those presented herein. [23,25,29] Notably,i nt he case of biphasic systems, the continuousr emoval of HMF from the sugar-containing aqueous phase greatly contributes to even higher HMF yields than those presented herein.…”

“…12 %), owing to the formation of levulinic and formic acid, as well as humins. Regarding the utilization of multifunctional catalysts, [5,6,9,15,[19][20][21][22][23][24] anatase (TiO 2 )h olds promise for the high-yield production of HMF from glucoseo wing to several unique features. Thus, glucosei so ften the preferred startingm aterial for the production of HMF.…”

“…[1,6,8] Glucose is both widely available and cheaper than fructose. [5,7,8,23,25] For instance,a natase has ah igher surfacea rea than the rutile and brookite polymorphs of TiO 2 .F urthermore, the active sites required for the conversion of fructoseinto HMF are also present on the TiO 2 anatase phase. [3] In this context, bifunctional catalysts capable of isomerizing glucose into fructose and sequentially converting fructose into HMF are required.…”

“…[1,4,[10][11][12][13][14][15] To improve the conversion of glucosei nto HMF,s everal strategies, such as microwave-assisted heating, [7] hot compressed water, [9] biphasic reactions ystems, [16,17] and ionic liquids as the reaction media, [18] have been investigated. Regarding the utilization of multifunctional catalysts, [5,6,9,15,[19][20][21][22][23][24] anatase (TiO 2 )h olds promise for the high-yield production of HMF from glucoseo wing to several unique features. [5,7,8,23,25] For instance,a natase has ah igher surfacea rea than the rutile and brookite polymorphs of TiO 2 .F urthermore, the active sites required for the conversion of fructoseinto HMF are also present on the TiO 2 anatase phase.…”

“…Regarding the utilization of multifunctional catalysts, [5,6,9,15,[19][20][21][22][23][24] anatase (TiO 2 )h olds promise for the high-yield production of HMF from glucoseo wing to several unique features. [5,7,8,23,25] For instance,a natase has ah igher surfacea rea than the rutile and brookite polymorphs of TiO 2 .F urthermore, the active sites required for the conversion of fructoseinto HMF are also present on the TiO 2 anatase phase. [5-7, 15, 23, 25-27] Hara and co-workers reportedt hat TiO 2 contains water-tolerant Lewis acid sites, owing to the presence of coordinatively unsaturated Ti IV on the oxide surface.…”