Catalytic upgrading of tars generated in a 100 kWth low temperature circulating fluidized bed gasifier for production of liquid bio-fuels in a polygeneration scheme

Eschenbacher, Andreas; Jensen, Peter Arendt; Henriksen, Ulrik Birk; Ahrenfeldt, Jesper; Jensen, Claus Dalsgaard; Li, Chang-Jiu; Enemark‐Rasmussen, Kasper; Duus, Jens Øllgaard; Mentzel, Uffe Vie; Jensen, Anker Degn

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112538

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The gas composition of the outlet of the pyrolysis was then determined, by a assuming a balanced reaction, i.e., neither endothermal nor exothermal − and fixing ratios between different hydrocarbon compounds according to the experimental data. The char composition and yield at the outlet were fixed according to experiments from Trinh et al The tar composition and yield as well as the ratios between different hydrocarbons were fixed according to experiments from Eschenbacher et al A detailed description of the modeling approach, as well as the experimental data, can be found in Section S2 of the Supporting Information of our previous work …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Here, the moisture content of straw in bales was used instead of the moisture content of pellets, as reported by ref . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Here, the moisture content of straw in bales was used instead of the moisture content of pellets, as reported by ref . b Calculated using eq . c All component ratios are on mass basis and are derived from experimental results in ref . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Techno-Economic Analysis of Dimethyl Ether Production from Different Biomass Resources and Off-Grid Renewable Electricity

Kofler,

Campion,

Hillestad

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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To decrease the greenhouse gas emissions of the maritime transport sector, synthetic fuels produced by combining biomass gasification and electrolytic hydrogen have been identified as relevant alternatives to fossil fuels. Dimethyl ether (DME) is a synthetic fuel that is suitable for direct use in commercial diesel ship engines. In this work, the production of DME via two different synthesis routes (one-and two-stage DME synthesis) from agricultural residues (wheat straw) or forestry residues (bamboo) and renewable electricity was investigated. In the four investigated plants, solid oxide electrolysis cells were used to produce hydrogen. The DME production systems were designed to operate using only wind and solar electricity. The energy and carbon efficiencies of the plants were evaluated by using detailed thermodynamic models. The performance of the plants was fed into an optimization model, and the levelized cost of fuel (LCOF) was minimized by optimizing the size and hourly operation of the DME production systems, including the DME synthesis plant, solid oxide electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, solar and wind power production, and batteries. The results show that the systems using a two-stage synthesis achieve higher carbon and energy efficiencies than one-stage systems. However, the lowest LCOF of 115 €/MW h was reached by the plant using bamboo and a one-stage synthesis. This system had a hydrogen and electricity consumption of up to 45% lower than the alternative systems, leading to lower cost of the power supply, storage, and electrolysis units. A sensitivity analysis showed that the LCOF of the plants is highly sensitive to variations in the cost of electrolyzers, biomass, and the DME synthesis plant.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Here, the moisture content of straw in bales was used instead of the moisture content of pellets, as reported by ref . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Techno-Economic Analysis of Dimethyl Ether Production from Different Biomass Resources and Off-Grid Renewable Electricity

Kofler,

Campion,

Hillestad

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…Whether this extra pretreatment step is worth the effort and extra cost depends on the process; e.g., if bio-oil production is the primary purpose or if higher char and gas yields are acceptable and considered as valuable byproducts for carbon sequestration (char) or heat and power generation (noncondensable gases). 313 In an attempt to better understand the wide spread in deoxygenation, the results reported in Figure 6 were further filtered by including only HZSM-5-based catalysts and distinguishing between the in-situ and ex situ catalyst contact mode. For in-situ CFP (Figure 7a), it is interesting to note that the pilot-scale data, often performed with a circulating fluid bed (utilizing a riser upgrader), tends to be better compared to bench-scale data with bubbling fluid beds.…”

Section: T H Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the absolute bio-oil yield is lower from agricultural residues, ,,,, it is possible to increase the bio-oil yield from agricultural residues via biomass demineralization using acid washing. − This is because the minerals catalyze char formation and secondary cracking reactions to permanent gases, and removing or passivating their activity can thus preventor at least limittheir decreasing effect on the bio-oil yield. Whether this extra pretreatment step is worth the effort and extra cost depends on the process; e.g., if bio-oil production is the primary purpose or if higher char and gas yields are acceptable and considered as valuable byproducts for carbon sequestration (char) or heat and power generation (non-condensable gases) …”

Section: Catalytic Fast Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Recent Research on Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis and Low-Pressure Hydropyrolysis

2021

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Direct catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis vapors can occur in different process configurations, under either inert or hydrogen-containing atmospheres. This review summarizes the myriad of different catalysts studied and benchmarks their deoxygenation performance by also taking into account the resulting decrease in bio-oil yield compared to a thermal pyrolysis oil. Generally, catalyst modifications aim at improving the initial selectivity of the catalyst to more desirable oxygen-free hydrocarbons and/or improving the catalysts’ stability against deactivation by coking. Optimizing the pore structure and acid site density/distribution of solid acid catalysts can slow down deactivation and prolong activity. Basic catalysts such as MgO and Na2O/γ-Al2O3 are excellent ketonization catalysts favoring oxygen removal via decarboxylation, whereas solid acid catalysts such as zeolites primarily favor decarbonylation and dehydration. Basic catalysts can therefore produce bio-oils with higher H/C ratios. However, since their coke formation per surface area is higher, compared to a microporous HZSM-5 zeolite, precoking (or imperfect regeneration) of these basic catalysts and operating for longer time-on-stream can be approaches to improve the oil yield. In-line vapor-phase upgrading with a dual bed comprising a solid acid catalyst followed by a basic catalyst active in ketonization and aldol condensation further improves deoxygenation while maintaining high bio-oil carbon recovery. Also low-cost catalysts such as iron-rich red mud have deoxygenation activity. An improved bio-oil carbon recoverycompared at a similar level of oxygen removalcan be obtained when changing from an inert atmosphere to a hydrogen-containing atmosphere and using an effective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) catalyst. To keep costs low, this can be conducted at near-atmospheric pressure conditions. Pt/TiO2 and MoO3/TiO2 showed high activity and reduced coke formation. Stable performance has been demonstrated using Pt/TiO2 for 100+ reaction/regeneration cycles with woody biomass feedstock. If future works can demonstrate the same durability for lower-cost biomass containing higher contents of ash, N, and S, this would considerably boost the commercial viability of near-atmospheric pressure HDO. Further research should be directed to testing the durability of lower-cost HDO catalysts such as MoO3/TiO2 and further improving the activity and stability of lower-cost catalysts.

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Effective lateral dispersion of momentum, heat and mass in bubbling fluidized beds

Gustafsson,

Castilla,

Pallarès

et al. 2024

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

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The lateral dispersion of bed material in a bubbling fluidized bed is a key parameter in the prediction of the effective in-bed heat transfer and transport of heterogenous reactants, properties important for the successful design and scale-up of thermal and/or chemical processes. Computational fluid dynamics simulations offer means to investigate such beds in silico and derive effective parameters for reduced-order models. In this work, we use the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model with the kinetic theory of granular flow to perform numerical simulations of solids mixing and heat transfer in bubbling fluidized beds. We extract the lateral solids dispersion coefficient using four different methods: by fitting the transient response of the bed to (1) an ideal heat or (2) mass transfer problem, (3) by extracting the time-averaged heat transfer behavior and (4) through a momentum transfer approach in an analogy with single-phase turbulence. The method (2) fitting against a mass transfer problem is found to produce robust results at a reasonable computational cost when assessed against experiments. Furthermore, the gas inlet boundary condition is shown to have a significant effect on the prediction, indicating a need to account for nozzle characteristics when simulating industrial cases.

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Catalytic upgrading of tars generated in a 100 kWth low temperature circulating fluidized bed gasifier for production of liquid bio-fuels in a polygeneration scheme

Cited by 13 publications

References 62 publications

Techno-Economic Analysis of Dimethyl Ether Production from Different Biomass Resources and Off-Grid Renewable Electricity

Techno-Economic Analysis of Dimethyl Ether Production from Different Biomass Resources and Off-Grid Renewable Electricity

A Review of Recent Research on Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis and Low-Pressure Hydropyrolysis

Effective lateral dispersion of momentum, heat and mass in bubbling fluidized beds

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