Cationic starches in paper-based applications—A review on analytical methods

A review on cationic starch and nanocellulose as paper coating components

“…Techniques like infrared (IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, NMR, viscosity measurements, potentiometric titrations and thermogravimetric analysis can be used to optimize the process and standardize the cationized polysaccharides for their potential uses [13,84]. E.g., the absorption band at 1480 cm −1 , assigned to the -N + Me 3 groups, is linearly correlated with the DS, which proves the usefulness of IR spectroscopy (non-destructive, timesaving, not requiring sample preparation) Scheme 4.…”

“…Trimethyl ammonium groups can also be quantified by analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the measurement of CS in paper substrates [85]. For detailed insights into analytical techniques, the recent review of Chemelli et al [13] is recommended.…”

“…When applied onto the surface, it may be part of a sizing treatment, as described in the following pages. In all cases, and likely owing to costs of production, paper grade cationic starches seldom present a degree of substitution above 0.05 [13,14]. The usefulness of higher cationicities and some novel research showing interesting improvements on printability are explored.…”

Mechanochemical Transformations of Biomass into Functional Materials

“…Cationic starches are commonly used in papermaking as sizing agents, [508] where etherification with (3-chloro-2hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride is commonly used. [509] However, this reagent is derived from petroleum sources so there has been interest in using bio-based derived reagents to modify starches for greater sustainability. Ferreira and co-workers converted betaine hydrochloride (i. e., the acidic form of the amino acid trimethylglycine) to methyl ester betaine chloride and then used this intermediate to esterify starch under organic solvents or by ball milling.…”

Investigation of the Adsorption Behavior of Jet-Cooked Cationic Starches on Pulp Fibers

“…The advantages of these include reduced water usage, thereby reducing energy consumption for reaction conditioning/drying and avoiding the loss of starch. Cationic Polymers 2020, 12, 2249 2 of 13 starches derived from wet or dry processes differ in their properties such as granular structure, dissolution properties, and molar mass [13][14][15]. The relative amount of hydroxyl groups functionalized with cationic groups is usually reported as the degree of substitution (DS).…”