Cavitation based cleaner technologies for biodiesel production and processing of hydrocarbon streams: A perspective on key fundamentals, missing process data and economic feasibility – A review
“…For the ultrasound-assisted technique, shock waves and microjet flows generated during transient cavitation are efficient for the peeling process of cathode materials from Al foil and destroy the aggregate of cathode material particles. , Furthermore, the generation of free radicals and mechanical effects induced by acoustic cavitation is helpful for the degradation and removal of the organic binders adsorbed on cathode material particle surfaces. − Thus, the liberated cathode material particles can have a higher specific surface area and more fresh surface, which is conducive to the subsequent leaching of valuable metals from cathode materials.…”
The
recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries can not only reduce
the potential harm caused by solid waste piles to the local environment
but also provide raw materials for manufacturing new batteries. Power
ultrasound is one of the effective means to enhance the resourceful
recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, and the unique physical
and chemical effects are the main mechanisms that lead to the enhancement.
A large number of studies reported the recycling and utilization of
cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries with the assistance
of ultrasound. In this paper, first, we discuss the pathway of ultrasonic
enhancement of the resource-based recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries
regarding the introduction of ultrasonic cavitation theories; second,
we systematically review the research of ultrasonic applications in
the separation of metal collectors from, the recovery of, and the
regeneration of cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries;
finally, shortcomings of the ultrasound-assisted technology in industrial
applications are discussed, and prospects of industrial ultrasonic
applications in the resource recycling and utilization of spent lithium-ion
batteries are proposed.
“…For the ultrasound-assisted technique, shock waves and microjet flows generated during transient cavitation are efficient for the peeling process of cathode materials from Al foil and destroy the aggregate of cathode material particles. , Furthermore, the generation of free radicals and mechanical effects induced by acoustic cavitation is helpful for the degradation and removal of the organic binders adsorbed on cathode material particle surfaces. − Thus, the liberated cathode material particles can have a higher specific surface area and more fresh surface, which is conducive to the subsequent leaching of valuable metals from cathode materials.…”
The
recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries can not only reduce
the potential harm caused by solid waste piles to the local environment
but also provide raw materials for manufacturing new batteries. Power
ultrasound is one of the effective means to enhance the resourceful
recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, and the unique physical
and chemical effects are the main mechanisms that lead to the enhancement.
A large number of studies reported the recycling and utilization of
cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries with the assistance
of ultrasound. In this paper, first, we discuss the pathway of ultrasonic
enhancement of the resource-based recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries
regarding the introduction of ultrasonic cavitation theories; second,
we systematically review the research of ultrasonic applications in
the separation of metal collectors from, the recovery of, and the
regeneration of cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries;
finally, shortcomings of the ultrasound-assisted technology in industrial
applications are discussed, and prospects of industrial ultrasonic
applications in the resource recycling and utilization of spent lithium-ion
batteries are proposed.
“…Other nanocatalysts used in the transesterification process include MgO, SrO, and ZnO. Once more, Fe 3 O 4 , CuFe 2 O 4 , activated carbon, and other substances can be utilized to improve the properties of these catalysts [ [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Transesterification In Biodiesel Productionmentioning
“…One of the most developing technologies is ultrasound, which is used to create the acoustic cavitation phenomena [14].High energy may be released inside a liquid by a process called acoustic cavitation, which in turn causes catalytic chemical processes and alters the fluid's characteristics, such as reducing viscosity [15].The thermal separation of vacuum gas oil's bonds and the creation of hydrogen atoms that result from ultrasonic treatment are important for improving heavy molecules Cavitation is thought to be the cause of ultrasonic irradiation [16]. The ultrasonic power supply or generator converts 50/60 Hz electricity into high-frequency electrical energy, When this voltage is applied to the acoustic energy inside the converter, it is converted into little mechanical vibrations [17].…”
Ultrasonic treatment is a suitable method for refinery processes that Acoustic cavitation is a technique that allows high levels of energy to be released into the liquid, which leads to changes in fluid properties such as a decrease in viscosity. Additionally, it's an effective way to improve the economic feasibility of physicochemical processing to enhance the quality of the product. In this work, vacuum gas oil with viscosity of 8.4 c.st, provided by Iraqi refineries, was treated by ultrasound radiation and studied the effect of several parameters on viscosity such as sonication time (5,10,15,20,30) min, power amplitude(10,20,30,40,50)watt, and frequency (20,30,40,50) kHr. It was found from the results that the viscosity decreased from (8.4) c.st to (5.82) c.st, which represents a percentage reduction of up to 30.7% compared to the value before treatment. This result was obtained after 30 min., also the 50% of ultrasound power is the appropriate to reduce the viscosity, where The experiment showed that 20 kHz of ultrasound frequency has a decreasing effect on the viscosity as the percentage reaches 30%.
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