CD 59 Targeted Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Fast and Noninvasive Diagnosis of Oral Cancer

Abstract

Oral cancer (OC) is one of the important cancer types in human being and its early and quick diagnosis will help clinicians to develop suitable therapeutic strategies to improve the prognosis of cancer patients. In this direction, we report a label free impedimetric immunosensor to diagnose OC by detecting CD 59, an early stage and important OC biomarker. The immunosensor probe is fabricated by immobilizing CD 59 antibodies (anti‐CD 59) on a self‐assembled molecular layer of L‐cysteine (Cys) on a gold electrode. The fabrication of sensor probe is characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental conditions were optimized in terms of antibody concentration, temperature, pH, and incubation time in order to obtain maximum sensitivity. The CD 59 is qualitatively detected using EIS which shows a wide dynamic range between 1 fg mL−1 and 1000 fg mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.38 (±0.03) fg mL−1. The developed immunosensor is successfully applied for direct detection of CD 59 in clinically relevant human saliva samples. Interferences due to non‐target cancer antigens, stability, and regeneration of the developed immunosensor was performed.

Fundamentals and commercial aspects of nanobiosensors in point-of-care clinical diagnostics

“…The significant change in the signal confirms the successful probe modification (Zhu et al 2012b(Zhu et al , 2013Quan et al 2006;Bollella et al 2017). In recent years, a number of nanomaterial assisted bio-sensing mechanisms are reported (Lan et al 2017;Li et al 2015;Lu et al 2017;Zhu et al 2012b;Chandra et al 2014;Choudhary et al 2016). In context to this, a number of nanomaterials including nanoparticles and nanocomposites have been used (Lan et al 2017;Li et al 2015;Lu et al 2017).…”

Synthesis and Application of PHT‐TiO2 Nanohybrid for Amperometric Glucose Detection in Human Saliva Sample

“…The appearance of bands at 1456, 1377 cm −1 for PHT‐TiO 2 layer was due to the thiophene ring stretching and methyl deformation, respectively. Furthermore, the bands at 1652 cm −1 and 1528 cm −1 for TiO 2 ‐PHT‐GOx are attributed to the amide I (the stretching vibrations of the carbonyl group of peptide bond groups) and amide II (the N−H bending and C−N stretch in polypeptide chains) . The appearance of IR bands related to amide bonding for TiO 2 ‐PHT‐GOx clearly indicate the interaction of GOx with PHT‐TiO 2 nanohybrid through non‐covalent physical interaction between them.…”

“…Acetone, isopropyl alcohol, potassium ferricyanide (K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]), potassium ferrocyanide (K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ]), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium phosphate monobasic (KH 2 PO 4 ), potassium phosphate dibasic (K 2 HPO 4 ), sodium chloride (NaCl) were procured from Sigma Aldrich. Phosphate buffer was prepared using monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphates as described in our previous studies . Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP, 99.999 %), oleic acid (C 18 H 33 COOH or OA, 90 %), lactic acid, sucrose, lysozyme, Trimethylamino‐N‐oxide dihydrate or anhydrous ((CH 3 ) 3 NO or TMAO, 98 %) and Poly (3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (PHT, (C 10 H 14 S) n ) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA.…”

Diagnostics Strategies with Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors Using Carbon Nanomaterials as Electrode Modifiers

“…Electrochemical immunosensors have been extensively used for the determination of diagnostics biomarkers because of the interesting advantages they offer in terms of inherent high sensitivity and selectivity, great precision and accuracy, low cost, minimum sample requirements, simplicity of operation and possible integration into compact analytical devices as well as demonstrated suitability for clinical analysis [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. In the following sections, the most interesting characteristics of selected approaches using carbon nanomaterials as modifiers of electrochemical immunosensing platforms will be briefly discussed.…”