CD4 cell activation with the CD8 marker and metallothionein expression in the gills of cadmium-exposed mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard 1853) juveniles

The Cortisol Levels, Histology, and Fine Structure of Various Tissues of Fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853) after Exposure to Lead

“…Furthermore, metal toxicity is afected by the organism's sensitivity to the metal, environmental factors, and the metal's excretion and retention rates [51,52,58]. Te accumulation of metals in fsh tissues depends on several factors, including the concentration and duration of exposure, as well as additional variables such as temperature, age, interaction with other metals, water chemistry, and metabolic activity of the fsh [3,14,70]. Lead is not considered an essential element for biological processes.…”

“…According to Usman et al [1], the impairment of gill lamellae may lead to disturbances in ion regulation within the gills, which can ultimately afect the homeostatic mechanisms responsible for maintaining ion levels. Te gills serve as a crucial point of entry for heavy metals and are typically the primary organ afected metal exposure in fsh [3,[73][74][75]. According to Mahboob et al [76], there a higher concentration of lead detected in the gills of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) compared to the kidneys, liver, and muscles.…”

“…Typically, increased domestic, agricultural, and industrial activities are responsible for this phenomenon. Heavy metals are regarded as environmental pollutants due to their toxic nature and propensity to accumulate through biological processes [1][2][3]. Additional characteristics of heavy metals include their propensity to precipitate, their capacity to be assimilated into sedimentary particles, and their ability to remain suspended in aqueous solutions.…”

Sublethal Effects of Cadmium on the Osmoregulatory and Acid-Base Parameters of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Various Times

“…It may reach 2 mg/L in contaminated water [ 3 ]. Cd accumulates rapidly in the organs and tissues of rainbow trout Onchorhynshus mykiss [ 4 ] and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus [ 5 ] and may diminish growth; affect behavior, plasma ion balance, and respiration of O. mykiss [ 6 ], O. niloticus [ 7 ], and carp Cyprinus carpio [ 8 ]; suppress hormone activity of Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio [ 9 ] and Neotropical fish Rhamdia quelen [ 10 ]; inhibit reproduction of red tilapia Oreochromis sp [ 11 ] and neotropical fish Prochilodus magdalenae [ 12 ]; lower hematological, biochemical parameters; and disrupt enzyme function of O. niloticus [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Sublethal effects of cadmium on the osmoregulatory and acid-base parameters of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at various times

“…It may reach 2 mg/L in contaminated water (Cao et al, 2012). Cd accumulates rapidly in the organs and tissues of rainbow trout Onchorhynshus mykiss (Heydarnejad et al, 2013) and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Soegianto et al, 2022a) and may diminish growth, affect behavior, plasma ion balance and respiration of O. mykiss (McGeer et al, 2000), O. niloticus (Atli & Canli, 2013), and carp Cyprinus carpio (El-Greisy & El-Gamal, 2015), suppress hormone activity of Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Szczerbik et al, 2006) and Neotropical sh Rhamdia quelen (Vicentini et al, 2022), inhibit reproduction of red tilapia Oreochromis sp (El-Ebiary et al, 2013) and Neotropical sh Prochilodus magdalenae (Sierra-Marquez et al, 2019), lower hematological, biochemical parameters, and disrupt enzyme function of O. niloticus (Al-Asgah et al, 2015;Adam et al, 2022).…”