“…Subsequently, amino acid substitutions were identified in the Cyclorrhapha fly species, Musca domestica (Huang et al, 1997;Kozaki et al, 2001;Walsh et al, 2001), Lucilia cuprina (Chen et al, 2001), and Bactrocera oleae (Vontas et al, 2002); however, no insecticide insensitivity-attributable mutation was found in Ace orthologues of the resistant strains of other insect species such as Culex pipiens (Malcolm et al, 1998), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Mori et al, 2001), Nephotettix cincticeps (Tomita et al, 2000) and Plutella xylostella (Ni et al, 2003). Recently, another class of AChE genes, paralogous to Ace, has been reported from the green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Gao et al, 2002) and a mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (Weill et al, 2002).…”