Cell Culture Systems for Studies of Bone and Tooth Mineralization

Abstract

1. Introduction 4716 1.1. Cells and Tissues of Bones and Teeth 4716 1.1.1. The Mineral and Extracellular Matrix of Bones and Teeth 4716 1.1.2. Cells in Mineralized Tissues 4717 2. Is the Mineral Formed in Culture Similar to "Physiologic Mineral"? 4717 2.1. X-ray Diffraction 4718 2.2. SEM and TEM and Related Techniques 4718 2.3. Atomic Force Microscopy 4718 2.4. Light Microscopy 4719 2.5. Vibrational Spectroscopy and Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging 4719 2.6. Radiographic and Related Methods 4720 2.6.1. Magnetic Resonance Methods 4720 2.6.2. Microcomputed Tomography (microCT) or X-ray Microtomography (XMT) 4720 2.7. Chemical Analyses 4721 3. Systems for Studying Mineralization in Culture 4721 3.1. Cell Sources 4721 3.1.1. Organ Culture 4721 3.

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ): Occurrence and properties

“…All bones contain living cells embedded in a mineralized organic matrix that makes up the main bone material (Boskey 2007;Glimcher 2006;Boskey and Roy 2008). The structure of bones is most easily understood by differentiating between seven levels of organization because bones exhibit a strongly hierarchical structure (Palmer et al 2008;Weiner and Wagner 1998;Nightingale and Lewis 1971;Currey 2002Currey , 2005Rho et al 1998;Rensberger and Watabe 2000;Fratzl and Weinkamer 2007;Boskey and Coleman 2010;Meyers et al 2008;Reznikov et al 2014a, b).…”

“…Therefore, the role of collagen in the nucleation, growth, structure and orientation of apatite crystals appears to be predominant ). The biomineralization process is controlled to some extent by cells and the organic matrices made by those cells facilitate the deposition of crystals (Boskey and Roy 2008). As bone crystals grow, there is greater association with proteins, such as osteocalcin, that regulate remodeling (George and Veis 2008).…”

“…Unlike other mineralized tissues, bone continuously undergoes a remodeling process, as it is resorbed by specialized cells called osteoclasts and formed by another type of cells called osteoblasts (so-called ''bone lining cells'') in a delicate equilibrium to ensure that there are major net changes in neither bone mass nor its mechanical strength (Palmer et al 2008;Olszta et al 2007;Boskey and Roy 2008;Teitelbaum 2000;Rodan and Martin 2000). The purpose of remodeling is the release of calcium and the repair of micro-damaged bones from everyday stress.…”

“…They contain alkaline phosphatase, which enzymatically produces orthophosphate anions needed for the mineralization. In addition, there is one more type of the cells called osteocytes that originate from osteoblasts, which have migrated into, become trapped and surrounded by bone matrix, which they themselves produce (Palmer et al 2008;Currey 2002;Olszta et al 2007;Boskey 2007;Glimcher 2006;Boskey and Roy 2008;Weiner et al 2005).…”

Effect of fetal bovine serum on mineralization in silk fibroin scaffolds

“…In addition to that, transmission electron microscopy can be performed to investigate the orientation of mineral crystals relative to the orientation of collagen fibrils. To characterize mineral mechanical properties of the formed mineralization atomic force microscopy can be used [44]. The solubility behavior of a mineral phase could reveal further information about the composition of the solid phase [45].…”