Cell cycle‐regulated histone gene expression in synchronized plant cells

Reichheld, Jean‐Philippe; Sato, Seiji; Clément, Bernadette; Chaubet, Nicole; Gigot, Claude

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1995.7020245.x

Cited by 66 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…5). This behavior toward the two inhibitors was identical to that previously reported for histone genes and assumed to result from the arrest of the cell cycle by the two inhibitors at two different points, one (hydroxyurea) blocking before and the other (aphidicolin) blocking after the point of induction of these genes (13). The basal level of NtcycA19 mRNAs was unaffected by the aphidicolin treatment but decreased upon hydroxyurea treatment (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

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Multiple A-type cyclins express sequentially during the cell cycle in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells

Reichheld

Chaubet

Shen

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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109

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Four full-length and one partial cDNA clones encoding four different A-type cyclins were isolated from a tobacco S-phase-specific library. The corresponding mRNAs displayed sequential appearance and disappearance during the cell cycle of highly synchronized suspension-cultured tobacco cells. Sequence analysis showed that the plant A-type cyclins can be subdivided into three distinct structural groups that are likely to be represented in every plant species. Two of the isolated tobacco cyclins belonging to the same group were highly expressed throughout S and G 2 phases but showed different kinetics of induction at the G 1 ͞S transition. Another one belonging to a second group was induced at mid-S phase and expressed until mid-M phase. A similar expression pattern was previously reported for a tobacco cyclin belonging to the third group. This sequential expression of multiple A-type cyclins in one type of plant cells makes a clear distinction from the situation in animal cells in which only one A-type cyclin exists in a given species. Furthermore, the expression of the different A-type cyclin genes responded differently upon a block at mid-S phase by DNA synthesis inhibitors. These results suggest that the multiple A-type cyclins act at different steps of the plant cell cycle and, therefore, exert distinct functions. In contrast, the expression of B-type cyclins was restricted to a narrow window corresponding to the M phase.Our knowledge of the eukaryotic cell cycle has progressed considerably during the last few years, by the finding that protein kinases play a central role in the cell cycle. The activity of the protein kinases depends on the association between a cyclin-dependent serine͞threonine kinase (cdk) as the catalytic moiety and a cyclin as a regulatory subunit. The activity of the complexes is further regulated through phosphorylation͞dephosphorylation mechanisms and binding to inhibitors (1). In animal cells, distinct cdks associating sequentially with different cyclins determine the substrate specificity of the complexes and monitor the cell cycle transitions at the G 1 ͞S and G 2 ͞M major checkpoints (2, 3). These sequential associations result from stage-specific synthesis and degradation of the cyclins while the catalytic subunit is present throughout the cell cycle. The animal cyclins have been subdivided into mitotic (A-and B-type) and G 1 (C-, D-, and E-type) cyclins according to sequence homologies and expression patterns. While the G 1 cyclins are involved in progression through G 1 phase and at the G 1 ͞S transition, the mitotic A-and B-type cyclins are essential in progression through G 2 phase and at the G 2 ͞M transition. In addition, the A-type cyclin has also been shown to play essential functions in DNA replication during S phase (4-6).It has been recently shown that the basic components of the cell cycle machinery are similar in plants and animals (7). cdk-like cDNAs and genes have been isolated from several mono-and dicotyledonous plants and shown to share about 60% sequence ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Measurement of DNA synthesis, mitotic index, and isolation of RNA were as in ref. 13. Total RNA (25 g) was electrophoresed on formaldehyde͞agarose gels and transferred to Hybond-N membranes (Amersham).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple A-type cyclins express sequentially during the cell cycle in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells

Reichheld

Chaubet

Shen

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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109

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“…Indeed, most key regulators of the (supposedly more distant) animal cell cycle seem to be conserved in higher plants. The occurrence of cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinases in higher plants similar to those found in animals is now well established (Ferreira et al, 1991(Ferreira et al, , 1994Hemerly et al, 1992 ;Reichheld et al, 1995Reichheld et al, , 1996, and retinoblastoma protein homologues (Murray, 1997 ;Murray et al, 1997 ;Huntley et al, 1997) and cdc25 homologues (Sabelli et al, 1998) have been isolated recently. Given this overall conservation of cell cycle machinery and circumstantial evidence such as the fact that in a number of cyclins the primary structure reveals signatures for post-translational modifications dependent on cAMP (analogous to cyclin D " ), the observation made by Ehsan et al (1998) demands a further search for a role for cAMP in the plant cell cycle.…”

Section:    C mentioning

confidence: 84%

Tansley Review No. 106

et al. 1999

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 For three decades, hypotheses relating to the occurrence and function of cyclic nucleotides in higher plants have been highly controversial. Although cyclic nucleotides had been shown to have key regulatory roles in animals and bacteria, investigations with higher plants in the 1970s and early 1980s were criticized on the basis of (i) a lack of specificity of effects apparently elicited by cyclic nucleotides, (ii) the equivocal identification of putative endogenous cyclic nucleotides and (iii) ambiguity in the identification of enzymes connected with cyclic nucleotide. More recent evidence based on more rigorous identification procedures has demonstrated conclusively the presence of cyclic nucleotides, nucleotidyl cyclases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in higher plants, and has identified plant processes subject to regulation by cyclic nucleotides. Here we review the history of the debate, the recent evidence establishing the presence of these compounds and their role ; future research objectives are discussed.

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“…Similar results indicating that the levels of DNA synthesis and gene expression are uncoupled were also reported in A3-type cyclins. Reichheld et al (1995Reichheld et al ( , 1996 reported that the expression of NtcycA59 and NtcycA105 (renamed Nicta;CycA3;1 and Nicta;CycA3;2, respectively; reviewed by Hemerly et al 1999) was not N. Suda et al suppressed by the addition of aphidicolin to tobacco BY-2 cells in the stationary phase, even though DNA synthesis rates decreased. This suggests that the expression level of A3-type cyclin genes and the level of DNA synthesis are not always correlated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzyladenine arrests cell cycle progression in G1 phase in tobacco BY-2 cells preceding induction of cell death

Suda

Iwai

Satoh

et al. 2009

Plant Biotechnology

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Micromolar concentrations of exogenously applied cytokinins can inhibit the growth of tobacco BY-2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2) cells and induce cell death. To determine whether the antiproliferative and cell death-inducing mechanisms of cytokinins are linked, we investigated the inhibition of cell cycle transition by the cytokinin benzyladenine using BY-2 cells. Mitotic index and flow cytometric analyses revealed that benzyladenine decreased the rate of cells entering the G2 and M phases a few hours after treatment of unsynchronized cells. Additionally, for cells synchronized in M phase, benzyladenine delayed (at 10 mM) or arrested (at 50 mM) cell cycle progression at G1. Expression patterns of cell cycle-related genes (PCNA and A3-, A1-and B1-type cyclins) also indicated G1 arrest by a 50 mM benzyladenine treatment at the M or G1 phase. Cell cycle arrest was detected prior to the induction of cell death by the treatment. Increase in number of dead cells was observed 16 h after each treatment at M or G1, suggesting that cell death may not be induced when cells reach a specific time point in G1 phase but, rather, in a time-dependent manner following benzyladenine treatment.Key words: Cell cycle, cytokinin, Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cells, programmed cell death, synchronous culture.Plant Biotechnology 26, 225-235 (2009) Original PaperAbbreviations: DAPI, 4Ј,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; FAM-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-FMK, fluoromethyl ketone peptide inhibitor of caspase-3/7; FLICA, fluorochrome inhibitor of caspase; G1, gap 1; G2, gap 2; M, mitosis; NO, nitric oxide; PCD, programmed cell death; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S, synthesis. This article can be found at http://www.jspcmb.jp/ Evidence also suggests that cytokinins induce cell death in plants via biochemical pathways involving the activation of caspase-like proteases, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO), release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and upregulation of Bax inhibitor-1 expression and cytosolic Ca 2ϩ fluxes, which are similar to those of animal apoptosis. Therefore, cytokinin-mediated cell death is considered to be a programmed cell death (PCD) with conserved pathways in plants and animals, which is also observed after stress treatments such as heat shock (Vacca et al. 2004(Vacca et al. , 2006 or hydrogen peroxide (Houot et al. 2001). However, the pathways through which cytokinins induce cell death are mostly unknown. Moreover, there remains one problem that whether the antiproliferative mechanism, which seems to occur simultaneously with the cell death, is correlated to the induction of cell death.Recent studies have suggested that the cell cycle regulates the induction of cell death. Oxidative stress mediated by menadione slows DNA replication and delays cellular entry into mitosis by inhibiting the G1 to S phase transition, and a high concentration of menadione induces cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells (Reichheld et al. 1999). Ethylene treatment increases BY-2 cell mortalit...

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Cell cycle‐regulated histone gene expression in synchronized plant cells

Cited by 66 publications

References 13 publications

Multiple A-type cyclins express sequentially during the cell cycle in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells

Multiple A-type cyclins express sequentially during the cell cycle in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells

Tansley Review No. 106

Benzyladenine arrests cell cycle progression in G1 phase in tobacco BY-2 cells preceding induction of cell death

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