Cell-derived extracellular vesicles and membranes for tissue repair

Abstract

Humans have a limited postinjury regenerative ability. Therefore, cell-derived biomaterials have long been utilized for tissue repair. Cells with multipotent differentiation potential, such as stem cells, have been administered to patients for the treatment of various diseases. Researchers expected that these cells would mediate tissue repair and regeneration through their multipotency. However, increasing evidence has suggested that in most stem cell therapies, the paracrine effect but not cell differentiation or regeneration is the major driving force of tissue repair. Additionally, ethical and safety problems have limited the application of stem cell therapies. Therefore, nonliving cell-derived techniques such as extracellular vesicle (EV) therapy and cell membrane-based therapy to fulfil the unmet demand for tissue repair are important. Nonliving cell-derived biomaterials are safer and more controllable, and their efficacy is easier to enhance through bioengineering approaches. Here, we described the development and evolution from cell therapy to EV therapy and cell membrane-based therapy for tissue repair. Furthermore, the latest advances in nonliving cell-derived therapies empowered by advanced engineering techniques are emphatically reviewed, and their potential and challenges in the future are discussed. Graphical Abstract

Cell‐Based Biomaterials for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prevention and Therapy

“…[192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201] Notably, when injury occurs, innate immune cells are recruited to the injury site and release a large amount of chemokines, thus, the inflammatory response is activated. [181,202] If the proinflammatory response does not fade away in a timely manner, the homeostasis of the injured tissue would not be restored, and tissue function would be further debilitated. Therefore, inflammatory response modulation has been increasingly studied in tissue repair.…”

“…[ 180 ] Among them, MSC‐based biomaterials have several potential advantages: 1) Fewer ethical and safety concerns and more available sources, including umbilical cord tissue, fat tissue, central nervous system tissue and bone marrow. [ 181,182 ] 2) Lower cost of cell isolation and cell expansion. [ 183 ] Therefore, researchers pay more attention to exploiting them for COVID‐19 therapy.…”

Recent Advances in Cell‐Based Nanotherapy for Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Recent evidences have shown that paracrine other than stem cells, primarily drives the process of tissue regeneration and repair. [213,214] Apart from EVs, other non-living cell-derived biomaterials are developed to fulfill the task of tissue repair. For instance, numerous surface engineering strategies have been developed to modify the surface of devices for rapid reendothelialization in CVD therapy.…”

“…[213] The mechanisms of MSC-EVs in tissue repair are associated with multiple biological actions, such as immune modulation, angiogenic enhancement, and apoptotic inhibition. [213] Rat MSC-derived exosomes promoted neurite remodeling and angiogenesis according to a stroke model. [254,255] In the same mouse model, MSC-EVs attenuated postischemic immunosuppression in peripheral blood and promoted brain remodeling as MSC transplantation.…”

Skin cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a promising therapeutic strategy for cutaneous injury

“…Regenerative medicine is aimed to functionally regain or restore tissue and organs from damage, or to form them when they are lost [ 40 ]. Cell-based therapies are developed as effective means, in which viable cells, such as stem cells, progenitor cells, inflammatory cells, cartilage cells, islet cells and liver cells, are used for tissue repair [ 41–43 ]. Among these, stem cells are the most widely mentioned as they can differentiate into various cell types to mediate tissue repair and regenerative process [ 44 ].…”