Cell lineages and early patterns of embryonic CNS vascularization

Kurz, Haymo

doi:10.4161/cam.3.2.7855

Cited by 40 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Counter to this argument is the CNS pericytes come from two different lineages. Forebrain pericytes are derived from the neuroectoderm of the neural crest whereas pericytes present in the midbrain, brain stem and spinal cord originate from the mesoderm (Etchevers et al, 2001;Korn et al, 2002;Kurz, 2009;Winkler et al, 2011). It will be interesting to identify the secretome of pericytes from different tissues to determine if CNS pericytes do secrete specific barrier inducing molecules.…”

Section: Pericytes-regulated Bbb Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Formation and maintenance of the BBB

Blanchette

Daneman

2015

Mechanisms of Development

202

140

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The central nervous system (CNS) is vascularized by a dense capillary network that is critical to deliver oxygen and nutrients, and remove carbon dioxide and waste products, from the neural tissue. These blood vessels contain a series of properties, termed the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which distinguishes them from vasculature in other tissues, enabling CNS vessels to stringently regulate the transfer of ions, molecules and cells between the blood and the tissue. This barrier is critical to maintain brain homeostasis which allows for proper neuronal function and also to protect the tissue from injury and disease and many neurological diseases are associated with BBB dysfunction, including traumatic brain injuries, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling the development of the BBB may lead to improved comprehension of the pathophysiology of these diseases, and further aid in the identification of targets to modulate the barrier to treat different neurological diseases. Many of the properties of the BBB are possessed by the endothelial cells that form the walls of the blood vessels but are acquired through a series of complex cellular interactions with the microenvironment throughout its development. We will review what is known about the induction and regulation of BBB properties during development.

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Section: Pericytes-regulated Bbb Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Formation and maintenance of the BBB

Blanchette

Daneman

2015

Mechanisms of Development

202

140

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“…Critical insights into the distinct devel- opmental origins of CNS pericytes have come from a series of avian chimerization studies in which quail neuroectoderm or mesoderm were transplanted into developing chick embryos. Transplanted neuroectoderm was found to give rise to pericytes in the forebrain, whereas transplanted mesoderm gives rise to pericytes in the mid- brain, brainstem, spinal cord and peripheral organs 20–22 .…”

Section: Origin Of Cns Pericytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease

2011

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Pericytes are uniquely positioned within the neurovascular unit to serve as vital integrators, coordinators and effectors of many neurovascular functions, including angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation and maintenance, vascular stability and angioarchitecture, regulation of capillary blood flow and clearance of toxic cellular byproducts necessary for proper CNS homeostasis and neuronal function. New studies have revealed that pericyte deficiency in the CNS leads to BBB breakdown and brain hypoperfusion resulting in secondary neurodegenerative changes. Here we review recent progress in understanding the biology of CNS pericytes and their role in health and disease.

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“…In avian embryos, pericytes and vSMCs of the forebrain are derived from cephalic neural crest, whereas those posterior of the mesencephalon-prosencephalon boundary are mesodermal (Etchevers et al, 2001;Korn et al, 2002;Kurz, 2009). The origin of mammalian mural cells has not been as rigorously traced, but marker analysis suggests that neural crest contributes most, if not all, perivascular cells also in the posterior parts of the brain (Armulik et al, 2011;Heglind et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Foxf2 Is Required for Brain Pericyte Differentiation and Development and Maintenance of the Blood-Brain Barrier

et al. 2015

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Pericytes are critical for cerebrovascular maturation and development of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but their role in maintenance of the adult BBB, and how CNS pericytes differ from those of other tissues, is less well understood. We show that the forkhead transcription factor Foxf2 is specifically expressed in pericytes of the brain and that Foxf2(-/-) embryos develop intracranial hemorrhage, perivascular edema, thinning of the vascular basal lamina, an increase of luminal endothelial caveolae, and a leaky BBB. Foxf2(-/-) brain pericytes were more numerous, proliferated faster, and expressed significantly less Pdgfrβ. Tgfβ-Smad2/3 signaling was attenuated, whereas phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and p38 were enhanced. Tgfβ pathway components, including Tgfβ2, Tgfβr2, Alk5, and integrins αVβ8, were reduced. Foxf2 inactivation in adults resulted in BBB breakdown, endothelial thickening, and increased trans-endothelial vesicular transport. On the basis of these results, FOXF2 emerges as an interesting candidate locus for stroke susceptibility in humans.

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Cell lineages and early patterns of embryonic CNS vascularization

Cited by 40 publications

References 74 publications

Formation and maintenance of the BBB

Formation and maintenance of the BBB

Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease

Foxf2 Is Required for Brain Pericyte Differentiation and Development and Maintenance of the Blood-Brain Barrier

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