Cell viability and cytotoxicity of inkjet-printed flexible organic electrodes on parylene C

Mandelli, J. S.; Koepp, Janice; Hama, Adel; Sanaur, Sébastien; Rae, Giles A.; Rambo, Carlos R.

doi:10.1007/s10544-020-00542-z

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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Section: Substrates and Structural Materials For Flexible Bioelectronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beyond conventional inorganic thinfilm flexible devices, parylene C can serve as a substrate for organic bioelec tronics. [227,[239][240][241][242][243] An organic electrochemical transistor array of doped poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sul fonate (PEDOT:PSS) was fabricated on parylene C substrates using photolithographic patterning methods and used to measure cortical activity in vivo from human epileptic patients (Figure 6Β). [220] Additionally, with a growing interest in bio optoelectronics, Parylene C became an obvious choice as a sub strate for optical devices given its transparent optical proper ties in addition to robust mechanical and dielectric properties (Figure 6C).…”

Section: Parylene Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[149,225] Parylene C is attractive for use in bioelectronics because it features robust mechanical properties, facile processing, integration with photo lithography and etching, and an established record of low toxicity. [226,227] Parylene C can be fabricated by micromachining and ther moforming to create both 2D and 3D structural elements for bioelectronics. [228][229][230][231][232] Parylene was used in one of the earliest demonstrations of flexible neural probes with 3D form fac tors by Suzuki et al in 2003 through micromachining.…”

Section: Parylene Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Progress in Materials Chemistry to Advance Flexible Bioelectronics in Medicine

et al. 2022

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Designing bioelectronic devices that seamlessly integrate with the human body is a technological pursuit of great importance. Bioelectronic medical devices that reliably and chronically interface with the body can advance neuroscience, health monitoring, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Recent major efforts focus on investigating strategies to fabricate flexible, stretchable, and soft electronic devices, and advances in materials chemistry have emerged as fundamental to the creation of the next generation of bioelectronics. This review summarizes contemporary advances and forthcoming technical challenges related to three principal components of bioelectronic devices: i) substrates and structural materials, ii) barrier and encapsulation materials, and iii) conductive materials. Through notable illustrations from the literature, integration and device fabrication strategies and associated challenges for each material class are highlighted.

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Section: Substrates and Structural Materials For Flexible Bioelectronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parylene Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parylene Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Progress in Materials Chemistry to Advance Flexible Bioelectronics in Medicine

et al. 2022

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“…A material with similar mechanical properties, but with improved biocompatibility, Parylene-C is evaporated using chemical vapor deposition on a similarly pretreated silicon wafer. [59][60][61][62][63][64] Both plastics are good dielectrics and offer sufficient hermetic properties to the substrate layer. In particular, the pinhole-free performance of Parylene-C has been extensively characterized, [65][66][67] and the material is FDA-approved.…”

Section: Plasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions

Tringides

Mooney

2022

Advanced Materials

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with the outermost layer of biological tissues, often spanning a significant surface area. Devices typically have multiple electrodes that aim to monitor and modulate cells and tissues in a minimally invasive manner, using biomaterials designed to evoke minimal inflammatory responses. Applications of Surface Electrode Arrays RecordingBecause surface electrode arrays can record a "snapshot" of the electrical activity at distinct locations, these arrays are useful to monitor the function of a tissue. Though the recordings are typically local field potentials, with electrodes that are small enough to modulate as little of a location as possible while still maintaining a sufficiently high conductivity, single units from individual cells have been reported. Clinically, these recordings are used to map the epicardial surface to identify instances, and potentially mechanisms, of chronic atrial fibrillation, [1] dysfunction of ventricular tachycardia caused by congenital defects, [2] and other abnormal conduction conditions in the cardiac system. Clinical electrocorticogram (ECoG) is used to identify similar functional changes on the cortical surface of the brain, most commonly to identify epileptic focal center(s), or detect seizure activity. [3][4][5][6][7] Other functional uses of ECoG include intraoperative monitoring during tumor resection. [8] A surgeon can ask a patient to perform an activity such as a speech and then identify and avoid the active cortical regions during surgery, to avoid major disruptions to the patient quality of life. StimulationInstead of passively monitoring electrical activity, multielectrode surface arrays can provide electrical current to the underlying tissue and induce a desired excitatory or inhibitory response. The applications for stimulating surface electrode arrays are often therapeutic and include implantable pacemakers, which restore a normal cardiac rhythm by providing external and overriding cues to the cardiomyocytes responsible for establishing a sinus rhythm. [9] Pulses delivered to specific regions of the spinal cord are used to manage chronic pain, [10][11][12] and more recently as a therapy to promote neuronal plasticity in Surface electrode arrays are mainly fabricated from rigid or elastic materials, and precisely manipulated ductile metal films, which offer limited stretchability. However, the living tissues to which they are applied are nonlinear viscoelastic materials, which can undergo significant mechanical deformation in dynamic biological environments. Further, the same arrays and compositions are often repurposed for vastly different tissues rather than optimizing the materials and mechanical properties of the implant for the target application. By first characterizing the desired biological environment, and then designing a technology for a particular organ, surface electrode arrays may be more conformable, and offer better interfaces to tissues while causing less damage. Here, the various materials used in each component of a surface electrode array are first r...

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“…Many of the studies utilizing electroactive substrates have examined neural populations on PEDOT-based, ,,,,,,− PPy-based, ,,,,,− and PANI-based substrates, − as well as other substrates including pentacene, melanin, P13, and P3HT. ,− In many of these cases, researchers will often examine neurite outgrowth as an indicator of neural cell compatibility with a given substrate. A neurite is a protrusion from a neuronal cell, sometimes synonymous with an axonal or dendritic projection but generally referring to any observed cellular projection.…”

Section: Interfacing Organic Bioelectronics With Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems

et al. 2021

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Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.

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Cell viability and cytotoxicity of inkjet-printed flexible organic electrodes on parylene C

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

Recent Progress in Materials Chemistry to Advance Flexible Bioelectronics in Medicine

Recent Progress in Materials Chemistry to Advance Flexible Bioelectronics in Medicine

Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions

Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems

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