Cell wall structure and biogenesis in<i>Aspergillus</i>species

Yoshimi, Akira; Miyazawa, Ken; Abe, Keietsu

doi:10.1080/09168451.2016.1177446

Cited by 95 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(230 reference statements)

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“…α-1,3-glucans have been described as an important component of the fungal cell wall 45, 46 , but in N. crassa these polysaccharides have been detected in macroconidia only 47 . Additional proteomic analysis indicated compositional differences between cell walls of conidia and hyphae, suggesting differential regulation of polysaccharide biosynthesis through development 48 .…”

Section: Building the Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyphal ontogeny in Neurospora crassa: a model organism for all seasons

Riquelme

Martínez‐Núñez

2016

F1000Res

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Filamentous fungi have proven to be a better-suited model system than unicellular yeasts in analyses of cellular processes such as polarized growth, exocytosis, endocytosis, and cytoskeleton-based organelle traffic. For example, the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa develops a variety of cellular forms. Studying the molecular basis of these forms has led to a better, yet incipient, understanding of polarized growth. Polarity factors as well as Rho GTPases, septins, and a localized delivery of vesicles are the central elements described so far that participate in the shift from isotropic to polarized growth. The growth of the cell wall by apical biosynthesis and remodeling of polysaccharide components is a key process in hyphal morphogenesis. The coordinated action of motor proteins and Rab GTPases mediates the vesicular journey along the hyphae toward the apex, where the exocyst mediates vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic microtubules and actin microfilaments serve as tracks for the transport of vesicular carriers as well as organelles in the tubular cell, contributing to polarization. In addition to exocytosis, endocytosis is required to set and maintain the apical polarity of the cell. Here, we summarize some of the most recent breakthroughs in hyphal morphogenesis and apical growth in N. crassa and the emerging questions that we believe should be addressed.

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Section: Building the Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyphal ontogeny in Neurospora crassa: a model organism for all seasons

Riquelme

Martínez‐Núñez

2016

F1000Res

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“…In particular, cell wall abnormalities are detected by Wsc transmembrane sensor proteins, which are involved in cell wall integrity and stress response. The MAPK signaling cascade acts downstream of the Wsc proteins and results in the activation of a transcriptional factor that regulates the expression of genes related to cell wall biogenesis, such as chitin synthases and glucan synthases [44]. The observed characteristics of the T. harzianum ∆gluc31 strain reflect the common effect of most mutations in genes involved in cell wall organization in various fungi [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endo-β-1,3-glucanase (GH16 Family) from Trichoderma harzianum Participates in Cell Wall Biogenesis but Is Not Essential for Antagonism Against Plant Pathogens

et al. 2019

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Trichoderma species are known for their ability to produce lytic enzymes, such as exoglucanases, endoglucanases, chitinases, and proteases, which play important roles in cell wall degradation of phytopathogens. β-glucanases play crucial roles in the morphogenetic-morphological process during the development and differentiation processes in Trichoderma species, which have β-glucans as the primary components of their cell walls. Despite the importance of glucanases in the mycoparasitism of Trichoderma spp., only a few functional analysis studies have been conducted on glucanases. In the present study, we used a functional genomics approach to investigate the functional role of the gluc31 gene, which encodes an endo-β-1,3-glucanase belonging to the GH16 family in Trichoderma harzianum ALL42. We demonstrated that the absence of the gluc31 gene did not affect the in vivo mycoparasitism ability of mutant T. harzianum ALL42; however, gluc31 evidently influenced cell wall organization. Polymer measurements and fluorescence microscopy analyses indicated that the lack of the gluc31 gene induced a compensatory response by increasing the production of chitin and glucan polymers on the cell walls of the mutant hyphae. The mutant strain became more resistant to the fungicide benomyl compared to the parental strain. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the absence of gluc31 in T. harzianum resulted in the differential expression of other glycosyl hydrolases belonging to the GH16 family, because of functional redundancy among the glucanases.

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“…The fungal cell wall is essential for survival because it maintains the cell’s shape, prevents cell lysis, and protects cells from environmental stresses (6). Fungal cell walls are composed mainly of polysaccharides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fungal cell walls are composed mainly of polysaccharides. In Aspergillus species, the cell wall is composed of α-glucan (mainly α-1,3-glucan), β-1,3/1,6-glucan, galactomannan, and chitin (6–8). Cell walls of some filamentous fungi are covered with extracellular matrix, which is composed mainly of polysaccharides, including α-glucan (α-1,3-glucan with a small amount of α-1,4-glucan), galactomannan, or galactosaminogalactan (GAG) (9, 10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Both galactosaminogalactan and α-1,3-glucan contribute to aggregation ofAspergillus oryzaehyphae in liquid culture

Miyazawa

Yoshimi

Sano

et al. 2019

Preprint

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226 words 2 Text, 5,353 words 3 3Abstract Filamentous fungi generally form aggregated hyphal pellets in liquid culture. 1 We previously reported that α-1,3-glucan-deficient mutants of Aspergillus nidulans did 2 not form hyphal pellets and their hyphae were fully dispersed, and we suggested that 3 α-1,3-glucan functions in hyphal aggregation. Yet, Aspergillus oryzae 4 α-1,3-glucan-deficient (AGΔ) mutants still form small pellets; therefore, we 5 hypothesized that another factor responsible for forming hyphal pellets remains in these 6 mutants. Here, we identified an extracellular matrix polysaccharide 7 galactosaminogalactan (GAG) as such a factor. To produce a double mutant of A. oryzae 8 (AG-GAGΔ), we disrupted the genes required for GAG biosynthesis in an AGΔ mutant. 9 Hyphae of the double mutant were fully dispersed in liquid culture, suggesting that 10 GAG is involved in hyphal aggregation in A. oryzae. Addition of partially purified GAG 11 fraction to the hyphae of the AG-GAGΔ strain resulted in formation of mycelial pellets. 12 Acetylation of the amino group in galactosamine of GAG weakened GAG aggregation, 13 suggesting that hydrogen bond formation by this group is important for aggregation. 14 Genome sequences suggest that α-1,3-glucan, GAG, or both are present in many 15 filamentous fungi and thus may function in hyphal aggregation in these fungi. We also 16 demonstrated that production of a recombinant polyesterase, CutL1, was higher in the 17 AG-GAGΔ strain than in the wild-type and AGΔ strains. Thus, controlling hyphal 18 aggregation factors of filamentous fungi may increase productivity in the fermentation 19 industry. 20 21 22Importance Production using filamentous fungi is an important part of the 1 fermentation industry, but hyphal aggregation in these fungi in liquid culture limits 2 productivity compared with that of yeast or bacterial cells. We found that 3 galactosaminogalactan and α-1,3-glucan both function in hyphal aggregation in 4 Aspergillus oryzae, and that the hyphae of a double mutant deficient in both 5 polysaccharides become fully dispersed in liquid culture. We also revealed the relative 6 contribution of α-1,3-glucan and galactosaminogalactan to hyphal aggregation. 7 Recombinant protein production was higher in the double mutant than in the wild-type 8 strain. Our research provides a potential technical innovation for the fermentation 9 industry that uses filamentous fungi, as regulation of the growth characteristics of A.10 oryzae in liquid culture may increase productivity. 11 12 13

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Cell wall structure and biogenesis inAspergillusspecies

Cited by 95 publications

References 117 publications

Hyphal ontogeny in Neurospora crassa: a model organism for all seasons

Hyphal ontogeny in Neurospora crassa: a model organism for all seasons

Endo-β-1,3-glucanase (GH16 Family) from Trichoderma harzianum Participates in Cell Wall Biogenesis but Is Not Essential for Antagonism Against Plant Pathogens

Both galactosaminogalactan and α-1,3-glucan contribute to aggregation ofAspergillus oryzaehyphae in liquid culture

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