Cellular immune response following pre-exposure and postexposure rabies vaccination by intradermal and intramuscular routes

Venkataswamy, Manjunatha M.; Madhusudana, Shampur Narayan; Sanyal, Sampada; Taj, Shaheen; Belludi, Ashwin Yajaman; Mani, Reeta Subramaniam; Hazra, Nandita

doi:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.68

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…and CD8 ? T cells in antiviral immunity against rabies in brain has been studied [1,4,6,19,36]. In the present study, CVS strain of RABV infection resulted in significant early increase in CD4…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…T cells, B cells and monocyte/macrophages into the CNS begins 3 to 4 days after infection [9,10]. The peripheral CMI activity of the spleen cells of mice infected with street RABV increased transiently until 4 DPI, but declined rapidly thereafter until their death [6,11]. However, in rabies the T cell response was found inefficient being inactivated by the virus [2,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to previous reports that type 1 T helper (Th1) cell responses are important for RABV clearance from the CNS. Induction of specific cell mediated immunity (CMI) is a crucial factor in the protection of hosts from rabies [5,6]. The CD8…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of immune responses during rabies virus infection in mice

et al. 2016

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Rabies virus (RABV) stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production, which either triggers T cell differentiation or suppresses T cell function depending on its concentration. Herein, we assessed the potential role of NO in regulation of immune responses during RABV infection in mice model. The experimental animals were divided into four groups and 100LD 50 of challenge virus standard (CVS) strain of RABV was inoculated intracerebrally on day 0 and subsequently aminoguanidine (AG; inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) was injected intraperitoneally twice a day, up to 6 days. The samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 12 days post infection (DPI). The immune cells including CD4? , CD8 ? T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells were estimated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and splenocytes. Serum total NO concentration, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, direct fluorescent antibody technique and TUNEL assay was performed. Infection with CVS resulted in significant early increase in CD4? , CD8?and NK cells in blood and spleen until 2 DPI. From 4 DPI onwards significant reduction was noticed in these parameters which coincided with increased NO on 4 DPI, rising to maximum on 8 DPI, until their death on 10 DPI. Conversely, the CVS-AG treated group showed lower levels of NO and increased number of CD4 ? , CD8 ? and NK cells. Increased number of cells in blood and spleen coincided with increased survival time, delayed development of clinical signs, reduced viral load and less apoptotic cells. NO played important role in regulation of immune responses during RABV infection. The findings of present study confirmed the role of NO and/or iNOS using iNOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine) in immune response during RABV infection, which would further help in understanding the virus immunopathogenesis with adoption of newer antiviral strategies to counter the progression of disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of immune responses during rabies virus infection in mice

et al. 2016

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“…Five interventional studies (three conducted among healthy volunteers [21,36,40], one among bite cases, and one among individuals at risk [9,39]) directly compared immunogenicity of PCECV between groups with either ID or IM administration (Table 1). A meta-analysis could not be performed because of difference in time of the conducted measurement and difference in the population studied.…”

Section: Rabies Virus Neutralizing Antibody Geometric Mean Titersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We identified 10 studies reporting data in children aged 1-17 years [10,19,25,29,31,40,53,54,56,61]. At Day 14, all children had Day 14 RVNA titers ≥0.5 IU/mL, but not all studies reported seroconversion rates.…”

Section: Special Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies with purified chick embryo cell vaccine: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Preiss

Chanthavanich

Chen

et al. 2018

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Fifteen million people each year receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to prevent rabies, yet the disease remains neglected and highly under-reported. Areas covered: In this systematic literature review, we assessed the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of a purified chick embryo cell-culture rabies vaccine (PCECV) for PEP against rabies by intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) administration. We performed meta-analyses to compare immunogenicity according to the route of vaccine administration, study population, and PEP regimen, such as number of doses, and concomitant rabies immunoglobulin. Expert commentary: There were 54 estimates of immune responses to vaccination, which showed that in the overall population, after starting PEP with PCECV by the IM or ID route (≥2.5 IU per dose), almost all individuals had rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers above the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended serological threshold for an adequate immune response to vaccination (RVNA ≥0.5 IU/ml by day 14). In the overall population, PCECV had an acceptable safety profile. However, given that there are 59,000 human rabies deaths reported annually, the challenge is to improve access to PCECV for PEP against human rabies.

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A Regimen Compression Strategy for Commercial Vaccines Leveraging an Injectable Hydrogel Depot Technology for Sustained Vaccine Exposure

Yan

Saouaf

et al. 2023

Advanced Therapeutics

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Equitable global access to vaccines requires overcoming challenges associated with complex immunization schedules and their associated economic burdens that hinder delivery in under‐resourced environments. The rabies vaccine, for example, requires multiple immunizations for effective protection and each dose is cost prohibitive, and therefore inaccessibility disproportionately impacts low‐ and middle‐income countries. In this work, an injectable hydrogel depot technology for sustained delivery of commercial inactivated rabies virus vaccines is developed. In a mouse model, it is shown that a single immunization of a hydrogel‐based rabies vaccine elicited comparable antibody titers to a standard prime‐boost bolus regimen of a commercial rabies vaccine, despite these hydrogel vaccines comprising only half of the total dose delivered in the bolus control. Moreover, these hydrogel‐based vaccines elicited similar antigen‐specific T‐cell responses and neutralizing antibody responses compared to the bolus vaccine. Notably, it is demonstrated that while the addition of a potent clinical Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist adjuvant to the gels slightly improved binding antibody responses, inclusion of this adjuvant to the inactivated virion vaccine is detrimental to neutralizing responses. Taken together, these results suggest that these hydrogels can enable an effective regimen compression and dose‐sparing strategy for improving global access to vaccines.

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Cellular immune response following pre-exposure and postexposure rabies vaccination by intradermal and intramuscular routes

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of immune responses during rabies virus infection in mice

Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of immune responses during rabies virus infection in mice

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies with purified chick embryo cell vaccine: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

A Regimen Compression Strategy for Commercial Vaccines Leveraging an Injectable Hydrogel Depot Technology for Sustained Vaccine Exposure

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