Cellulose Synthesis Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression at G<sub>1</sub> in the Dinoflagellate <i>Crypthecodinium cohnii</i>

Kwok, Alvin Chun Man; Wong, Joseph T.Y.

doi:10.1104/pp.102.018945

Cited by 57 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…By accounting for the changes in cellulosic content, cellulase activity (glucose released per cellulose content) appeared to be maintained at different levels within the G 1 and G 2 /M phase. Cellulase activity per cellulose content doubled when the cells proceeded to the early G 2 phase (T = 6 to T = 8), which is in agreement with the significant drop in cellulosic content reported previously (Kwok and Wong, 2003). A doubling in cellulase activity per unit cellulose content was observed in G 2 /M (T = 8 (A) A schematic diagram of DNA histograms showing the progression of the C. cohnii cell cycle from a population of synchronized G 1 cells.…”

Section: Cellulase Activity Peaks At G 2 /Msupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Effects of cellulase inhibition on dinoflagellates were also studied with asynchronous cells of C. cohnii and Pyrocystis lunula with the assistance of fluorescent DNA stains (Kwok and Wong, 2003). Fluorescent photomicrographs suggest that the addition of cellobiose (100 mM) resulted in the appearance of more multinucleated cells in both species ( Figure 1C).…”

Section: Cellulase Inhibitors Delay Cell Cycle Progression At G 2 /Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

Kwok

Wong

2010

The Plant Cell

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Cellulose synthesis, but not its degradation, is generally thought to be required for plant cell growth. In this work, we cloned a dinoflagellate cellulase gene, dCel1, whose activities increased significantly in G 2 /M phase, in agreement with the significant drop of cellulose content reported previously. Cellulase inhibitors not only caused a delay in cell cycle progression at both the G 1 and G 2 /M phases in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, but also induced a higher level of dCel1p expression. Immunostaining results revealed that dCel1p was mainly localized at the cell wall. Accordingly, the possible role of cellulase activity in cell cycle progression was tested by treating synchronized cells with exogenous dCelp and purified antibody, in experiments analogous to overexpression and knockdown analyses, respectively. Cell cycle advancement was observed in cells treated with exogenous dCel1p, whereas the addition of purified antibody resulted in a cell cycle delay. Furthermore, delaying the G 2 /M phase independently with antimicrotubule inhibitors caused an abrupt and reversible drop in cellulase protein level. Our results provide a conceptual framework for the coordination of cell wall degradation and reconstruction with cell cycle progression in organisms with cell walls. Since cellulase activity has a direct bearing on the cell size, the coupling between cellulase expression and cell cycle progression can also be considered as a feedback mechanism that regulates cell size.

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Section: Cellulase Activity Peaks At G 2 /Msupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Cellulase Inhibitors Delay Cell Cycle Progression At G 2 /Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

Kwok

Wong

2010

The Plant Cell

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“…The reliability of CFW in staining cellulose in C. cohnii cells was confirmed with an acetic-nitric cellulose assay (7). In the present study, CFW-stained motile cells eluted from colonies after incubation on 0.4% (wt/vol) PEG-containing MLH agar plates had significantly lower levels of fluorescence (hence lower cellulosic content) than control cells eluted from normal MLH agar plates (Fig.…”

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confidence: 76%

Novel Method for Preparing Spheroplasts from Cells with an Internal Cellulosic Cell Wall

et al. 2007

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Protoplast and spheroplast preparations allow the transfer of macromolecules into cells and provide the basis for the generation of engineered organisms. Crypthecodinium cohnii cells harvested from polyethylene glycol-containing agar plates possessed significantly lower levels of cellulose in their cortical layers, which facilitated the delivery of fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotides into these cells.

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“…Once the membrane is perturbed, CFW penetrates the membrane and binds with components in the underlying cell wall, such as cellulose, chitin, carboxylated polysaccharides, and a variety of other -linked polymers [28]. CFW has also been used to visualize thecal plates of dinoflagellates [29,30]. Because of the fact that Symbiodinium sp.…”

Section: Effects Of Light Irradiation On Membrane Perturbation and Cementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the fact that Symbiodinium sp. contains a cell covering, or amphiesma, of a typical thecate cell wall (i.e., internal cell wall; [30]), only fixed, permeabilized cells or cells with altered membranes will allow CFW to penetrate the outer plasma membranes and bind to the cellulose of the internal cell walls. Figure 3A shows that increasing the duration of light irradiation at 80 mol m 2 s 1 significantly perturbed plasma membranes in SGCs indicated by increased CFW staining on the cell wall, but that cultured Symbiodinium remained intact.…”

Section: Effects Of Light Irradiation On Membrane Perturbation and Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Increased susceptibility of algal symbionts to photo-inhibition resulting from the perturbation of coral gastrodermal membrane trafficking

Chen

Yeh

Wang

et al. 2012

Sci. China Life Sci.

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The stability of cnidarian-dinoflagellate endosymbioses is dependent upon communication between the host gastrodermal cell and the symbionts housed within it. Although the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, existing evidence suggests that the establishment of these endosymbioses may involve the sorting of membrane proteins. The present study examined the role of host gastrodermal membranes in regulating symbiont (genus Symbiodinium) photosynthesis in the stony coral Euphyllia glabrescens. In comparison with the photosynthetic behavior of Symbiodinium in culture, the Symbiodinium populations within isolated symbiotic gastrodermal cells (SGCs) exhibited a significant degree of photo-inhibition, as determined by a decrease in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F v /F m ). This photo-inhibition coincided with increases in plasma membrane perturbation and oxidative activity in the SGCs. Membrane trafficking in SGCs was examined using the metabolism of a fluorescent lipid analog, N- [5-(5,7-dimethyl boron dipyrromethene difluoride)-1-pentanoyl]-D-erythro-Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (BODIPY-Sphingomyelin or BODIPY-SM). Light irradiation altered both membrane distribution and trafficking of BODIPY-SM, resulting in metabolic changes. Cholesterol depletion of the SGC plasma membranes by methyl--cyclodextrin retarded BODIPY-SM degradation and further augmented Symbiodinium photo-inhibition. These results indicate that Symbiodinium photo-inhibition may be related to perturbation of the host gastrodermal membrane, providing evidence for the pivotal role of host membrane trafficking in the regulation of this environmentally important coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis.

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Cellulose Synthesis Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression at G₁ in the Dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii

Cited by 57 publications

References 35 publications

The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

Novel Method for Preparing Spheroplasts from Cells with an Internal Cellulosic Cell Wall

Increased susceptibility of algal symbionts to photo-inhibition resulting from the perturbation of coral gastrodermal membrane trafficking

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Cellulose Synthesis Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression at G1 in the Dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii

Cited by 57 publications

References 35 publications

The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

The Activity of a Wall-Bound Cellulase Is Required for and Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression in the DinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii

Novel Method for Preparing Spheroplasts from Cells with an Internal Cellulosic Cell Wall

Increased susceptibility of algal symbionts to photo-inhibition resulting from the perturbation of coral gastrodermal membrane trafficking

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Cellulose Synthesis Is Coupled to Cell Cycle Progression at G₁ in the Dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii