Central Nervous System Alterations in Drug Abuse

Büttner, Andreas; Weis, Serge

doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-786-4_4

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 437 publications

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“…However, meningeal lymphocytic infiltrates are not present, in contrast to the findings in presymptomatic HIV-positive drug abusers (Gosztonyi et al 1993;Tomlinson et al 1999). Vascular damage and vasospasm in the CNS contribute to the increased risk of stroke in drug abusers (Buttner and Weis 2004).…”

Section: Brain Disorders Induced By Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Alcohol potentiates the effects of some drugs and may lead to an adverse outcome, such as coma (Buttner and Weis 2004). Drugs used intravenously carry the added risk of septicemia, thromboses, and exposure to blood-borne viruses including HIV and hepatitis B and C (Buttner and Weis 2004;Khalsa et al 2005;Thomas et al 2000). Intravenous drug users have a high prevalence of co-infection with hepatitis viruses and may suffer from resulting liver damage, which predisposes to hepatic encephalopathy (Butterworth 2003;Karch 2002;Khalsa et al 2003).…”

Section: Brain Disorders Induced By Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although individuals with a drug habit may favor one or other class of drug, depending in part on what is available, most admit to using mixtures of drugs. Alcohol potentiates the effects of some drugs and may lead to an adverse outcome, such as coma (Buttner and Weis 2004). Drugs used intravenously carry the added risk of septicemia, thromboses, and exposure to blood-borne viruses including HIV and hepatitis B and C (Buttner and Weis 2004;Khalsa et al 2005;Thomas et al 2000).…”

Section: Brain Disorders Induced By Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurobiology of Multiple Insults: HIV-1-Associated Brain Disorders in Those Who Use Illicit Drugs

Bell

Arango

Anthony

2006

Jrnl NeuroImmune Pharm

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Despite two decades of research, certain aspects of HIV-related central nervous system (CNS) disease remain poorly understood. HIV targets microglia and macrophages within the CNS and enters the brain compartment early. However, HIV is there held in check apparently until the onset of significant immune compromise, when viral replication, microglial activation, neuronal damage, and cognitive impairment are likely to ensue. Illicit drug abuse continues to be a significant risk factor for HIV transmission worldwide. Whether HIV-related CNS disease is more prevalent or more severe in this risk group has long been debated. Drugs of abuse can of themselves cause immune suppression, blood-brain barrier breakdown, microglial activation, and neuronal injury. This review presents evidence that HIV associated CNS disorders are indeed accentuated in drug abusers. However, the advent of effective therapy has added a new dimension, which must be taken into consideration. Treated individuals are surviving much longer and HIV encephalitis and HIV-associated dementia have become much less common. However, more subtle forms of CNS damage are emerging. Examination of the brains of individuals who have been treated long term with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reveals a surprising degree of microglial activation, comparable at times to that seen formerly in milder cases of HIV encephalitis. In addition, these individuals show evidence of increased deposition of neurodegenerative proteins, particularly hyperphosphorylated tau. Similar observations have been made in young opiate abusers who are HIV negative. Taken together, these results suggest that neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, which are clinically silent at present, may cause problems in the future in HAART-treated subjects.

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Section: Brain Disorders Induced By Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Brain Disorders Induced By Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Brain Disorders Induced By Drugs Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Neurobiology of Multiple Insults: HIV-1-Associated Brain Disorders in Those Who Use Illicit Drugs

Bell

Arango

Anthony

2006

Jrnl NeuroImmune Pharm

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“…Drug abuse represents a serious health issue worldwide. Drugs of abuse can be grouped as stimulants, analgesics and narcotics, hypnotics as well as antidepressants, nicotine and alcohol [1–3]. Besides the latter two substances, the predominant substances abused include cannabis, opiates, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and designer drugs [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drugs of abuse can be grouped as stimulants, analgesics and narcotics, hypnotics as well as antidepressants, nicotine and alcohol [1–3]. Besides the latter two substances, the predominant substances abused include cannabis, opiates, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and designer drugs [1,2]. Although individuals with a drug habit may favour one or other class of drug, depending in part on what is available, most perform polysubstance abuse [4–8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: The neuropathology of drug abuse

Büttner

2011

Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology

152

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Drug abuse represents a significant health issue. The major substances abused include cannabis, opiates, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 'ecstasy'. Alterations of intracellular messenger pathways, transcription factors and immediate early genes within the brain reward system seem to be fundamentally important for the development of addiction and chronic drug abuse. Genetic risk factors and changes in gene expression associated with drug abuse are still poorly understood. Besides cardiovascular complications, psychiatric and neurologic symptoms are the most common manifestations of drug toxicity. A broad spectrum of changes affecting the central nervous system is seen in drug abusers. The major findings result from the consequences of ischaemia and cerebrovascular diseases. Except for a few observations of vasculitis, the aetiology of these cerebrovascular accidents is not fully understood. The abuse of amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA has been related to neurotoxicity in human long-term abusers and to the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. However, whether such neurotoxicity occurs remain to be established. Systematic histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric investigations have shown profound morphological alterations in the brains of polydrug abusers. The major findings comprise neuronal loss, neurodegenerative alterations, a reduction of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunopositive astrocytes, widespread axonal damage with concomitant microglial activation as well as reactive and degenerative changes of the cerebral microvasculature. These observations demonstrate that drugs of abuse initiate a cascade of interacting toxic, vascular and hypoxic factors, which finally result in widespread disturbances within the complex network of central nervous system cell-to-cell interactions.

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Introduction

Büttner¹

2020

Neuropathology of Drug Abuse

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Central Nervous System Alterations in Drug Abuse

Cited by 14 publications

References 437 publications

Neurobiology of Multiple Insults: HIV-1-Associated Brain Disorders in Those Who Use Illicit Drugs

Neurobiology of Multiple Insults: HIV-1-Associated Brain Disorders in Those Who Use Illicit Drugs

Review: The neuropathology of drug abuse

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