Central retinal artery occlusion

Hayreh, Sohan Singh

doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_1446_18

Cited by 115 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Macular edema in RVO often shows a diurnal variation, with edema being worse in the morning and improving late in the day; this relates to the fact that, during sleep, nocturnal hypotension occurs resulting in a decrease in blood flow and an increase in intravenous pressure and, as a result, an increase in edema [Reviewed by Hayreh] (108,110) .…”

Section: Macular Edemamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In CRVO, blockage of the main vein draining the retina, the central retinal vein, occurs (74,114) . In this type, the occlusion usually takes place at or behind the laminal cribrosa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CRVO is the most severe form as it affects the entire retina (74,114) . BRVO is a blockage of one or more retinal vein branches (tributaries) which typically occurs at arteriovenous crossings (74,114) . It can be major, macular or peripheral based on the affected retinal region (74,114) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BRVO is a blockage of one or more retinal vein branches (tributaries) which typically occurs at arteriovenous crossings (74,114) . It can be major, macular or peripheral based on the affected retinal region (74,114) . Two other types of RVO should be considered, hemispheric and hemicentral retinal vein occlusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion

Khayat

Williams

Lois

2018

Survey of Ophthalmology

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Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)-including central RVO, branch RVO, and hemicentral and hemispheric RVO-is the second most common vascular cause of visual loss, surpassed only by diabetic retinopathy. The presence and extent of retinal ischemia in RVO is associated with a worse prognosis. On this basis, most previously conducted studies considered ischemic retinal vein occlusion (iRVO) and non-iRVO as separate entities based on set thresholds of existing retinal ischemia as determined by fundus fluorescein angiography. Other diagnostic technologies have been used specifically in the differentiation of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion and nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. To date, there is no fully accepted definition for iRVO. Some clinicians and researchers may favor establishing a clear differentiation between these forms of RVO; others may prefer not to consider iRVO as a separate entity. Whatever the case, retinal ischemia in RVO confers a higher risk of visual loss and neovascular complications; thus, it should be determined as accurately as possible in patients with this disease and be considered in clinical and experimental studies. Most recently conducted clinical trials evaluating new treatments for macular edema secondary to RVO included none or only few patients with iRVO based on previous definitions (i.e., few patients with sizeable areas of retinal ischemia were recruited in these trials), and thus it is unclear whether the results observed in recruited patients could be extrapolated to those with retinal ischemia. There has been scant research aiming at developing and/or testing treatments for retinal ischemia, as well as to prevent new vessel formation as a result of RVO. We provide a detailed review of the knowledge gathered over the years on iRVO, from controversies on its definition and diagnosis to the understanding of its epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis, the structural and functional effects of this disease in the eye and its complications, natural history, and outcomes after treatment. In each section, the definition of iRVO used is given so, independently of whether iRVO is considered a separate clinical entity or a more severe end of the spectrum of RVO, the information will be useful to clinicians to determine patient's risk, guide therapeutic decisions, and counsel patients and for researchers to design future studies.

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Section: Macular Edemamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In CRVO, blockage of the main vein draining the retina, the central retinal vein, occurs (74,114) . In this type, the occlusion usually takes place at or behind the laminal cribrosa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion

Khayat

Williams

Lois

2018

Survey of Ophthalmology

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“…SS Hayreh in his landmark study in 1994 concluded that "In FA, the extent of capillary non-perfusion is a reliable criterion to differentiate the two types of CRVO." (14) Abraham C in his study stated that "FA has not only helped in documenting findings but has been a useful aid in choosing and planning patients for photocoagulation." (15) Inflammatory Disorders 8 cases (20%) of inflammatory disorders were analysed.…”

Section: Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Evaluation of Retinal Disorders

Kaveripakam¹,

Durga²,

P³

et al. 2019

jemds

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BACKGROUND Retinal disorders are the leading cause of legal blindness in the age group of 20 to 65 years. Approximately 18 million people in India have severely impaired vision due to retinal diseases. It has been nearly 40 years since the principle and technique of fluorescein angiography were first described. The procedure has now become standardized and has found a regular place in routine diagnosis of fundus disorders. This study was undertaken to assess and evaluate the role of fluorescein angiography and underline its advantages over other conventional methods of ophthalmoscopy in the evaluation of posterior segment diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was done which included 40 patients who attended the OPD during the study period. Detailed history was taken from the patient and a thorough ocular and systemic examination was done. All patients were examined by conventional methods of ophthalmoscopy (CO) followed by a fluorescein angiography. Patients were advised necessary ocular and systemic treatment. Patient was referred to a vitreo-retinal surgeon (whenever indicated). RESULTS 40 cases were analysed and subdivided into 3 categories of macular disorders, retinal vascular disorders and inflammatory conditions. FA altered the diagnosis in 13.34%, 50% and 12.5% cases while categorized the lesions in 53.34%, 12.5% and 62.5% cases respectively. Incidence of side effects was 22.5% of which nausea (44.5%) and vomiting (22.25%) were the most common. Incidence of side effects was similar in all age groups, both the sexes with no gender bias and no predilection for cases with known history of drug allergy. On statistical analysis, FA proved to be a far superior diagnostic modality. CONCLUSION FA can help to detect cases beyond the reach of clinical ophthalmoscopy. FA is of immense value in diagnosing new vessels, planning for photocoagulation and categorization of lesions. CO has a good positive predictive value, but it has a low negative predictive value. Therefore, clinically negative cases should be advised FA. FA is a safe procedure with minor side effects. Nausea and vomiting being most common.

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