Cervical intervertebral disk herniation in chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid small-breed dogs: 187 cases (1993–2013)

Hakozaki, Takaharu; Iwata, Munehico; Kanno, Nobuo; Harada, Yasuji; Yogo, Takuya; Tagawa, Masahiro; Hara, Yasushi

doi:10.2460/javma.247.12.1408

Cited by 26 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This contrasts either with recent [25] or older [26] findings indicating that C2-C3 was the most commonly affected disk in chondrodystrophic dogs presenting cervical IVDH, although only a small number of FBs were mentioned in the most recent report ( n = 5). In the thoracolumbar area, T13-L1 was the most frequently affected site, followed by L2-L3 and L1-L2 in FB of our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

“…Nonetheless, a single study comparing thoracolumbar Hansen type I IVDH in FB and Dachshunds showed that FBs were younger at the time of surgery [28], even if the number of FBs was limited in this report ( n = 47). Similarly, studies addressing cervical IVDH revealed a median age ranging between 6 and 8 years old in chondrodystrophic dogs [25, 26, 31]. One hypothesis for this difference could be the fact that intervertebral disk degeneration occurs faster in FB than in other chondrodystrophic breeds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundFrench Bulldog (FB) has significantly gained in popularity over the last few years, and seems to be frequently affected by various neurological conditions. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the prevalences of neurological diseases in a large population of FB, presented with neurological signs between 2002 and 2016, and for which a definitive diagnosis was established. A secondary objective was to identify epidemiological characteristics regarding specific diseases in this singular breed.ResultsDuring the study period, 533 FBs were presented for neurological signs, representing 18.7% of all admitted FBs (N = 2846). In total, 343 FBs with definitive diagnosis were included in this descriptive epidemiological study. Hansen type I intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) was by far the most common neurological disorder (45.5% of all cases). The IVDH location was cervical in 39.8%, and thoracolumbar in 60.2% of cases. The median ages for cervical and thoracolumbar IVDH were 4.2 and 4 years, respectively. C3-C4 was the most commonly affected disk (57.8% of cervical IDVH) all locations combined. Spinal arachnoid diverticulum (SAD) was detected in 25 FBs, representing the second most common myelopathy (11.3%). A concurrent spinal abnormality was identified in 64.0% of SAD cases. Brain tumours represented 36.8% of encephalopathies, with glioma (confirmed or suspected) being the most common. Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) represented 25.0% of brain disorders, females less than 5.5 years being more likely to be affected. Aside from central nervous system conditions, otitis interna associated with peripheral vestibular signs and bilateral congenital deafness (associated with white coat) were also common.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that FB seems to be prone to several neurological diseases. IVDH is clearly predominant in FB and cervical location seems more represented than in other breeds. FBs affected by IVDH tend to be younger than previously described, either for both cervical and thoracolumbar locations. Thoracic SAD was the second most common myelopathy, with a concurrent spinal anomaly identified in two thirds of the cases. MUO was more likely to affect young to middle-aged females. These findings could be of interest for owners, breeders, practicing veterinarians and insurance companies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

et al. 2017

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“…According to previous studies, intervertebral disc herniation occurs in dogs between 2 and 16 years of age (Cherrone et al 2004, Hakozaki et al 2015, whereas SRMA is most frequently diagnosed in dogs between 3.2 months and 3 years (Tipold & Jaggy 1994, Lowrie et al 2009, Hansson-Hamlin & Lilliehöök 2013. Our results are in agreement with those studies: dogs with CH and older than 36 months are more likely to have a Cervical Spine diagnosis disease with sensitivity of 87.8% and specificity 91.5%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cervical hyperaesthesia in dogs: an epidemiological retrospective study of 185 cases

Strobel

Paluš²,

Vettorato³

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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Objectives To describe the prevalence, clinical findings and predictors of disease in dogs with cervical hyperaesthesia. Materials and Methods Medical records of dogs referred for neurological investigation of cervical hyperaesthesia between 2009 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were assigned to one of the following groups according to the final diagnosis: Non‐Neurologic, Brain, Cervical Spine, Multifocal, and Chiari‐like Malformation/Syringomyelia. Demographic data, clinical and neurological signs and laboratory findings were compared between groups using univariate analysis; predictors of disease location were assessed by multivariate analysis. Results Final diagnostic allocations of the 185 records included in the study were as follows: 2.7% Non‐Neurologic, 2.2% Brain, 63.2% Cervical Spine, 22.2% Multifocal and 9.7% Chiari Malformation/Syringomyelia. Intervertebral disc extrusion and steroid‐responsive meningitis arteritis were the most common diseases. Compared to Multifocal dogs, those allocated a Cervical Spine diagnosis were older, heavier, more frequently ataxic and lame on a thoracic limb; furthermore, they were less frequently depressed or hyperthermic at presentation. Leucocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis were more frequent in dogs allocated a Multifocal diagnosis. Dogs with cervical hyperaesthesia older than 36 months and non‐hyperthermic at presentation were more likely to have a lesion of the cervical region rather than a multi‐focal disease. Clinical Significance Although non‐specific, these results may be useful to guide clinicians in management of dogs presenting with cervical hyperaesthesia. Animal age and body temperature may support the suspicion of either focal or multi‐focal cervical spinal disease.

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“…Changes in such ratios, with larger and longer cranial vertebral bodies, may influence cervical vertebral column biomechanics. Incidence of canine cervical IVDD is highest in cranial cervical locations (18, 28). The relatively larger and longer vertebral bodies in the cranial cervical vertebral column may lead to increased lever arm stresses on the adjacent disk spaces and may contribute to the higher rate of IVDD in these locations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 15% of IVDD occurs in the cervical vertebral column in dogs (18). CSM is a disease mainly of large and giant breed dogs causing cervical myelopathy due to progressive spinal cord compression (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Intervertebral Disk to Vertebral Body Ratios of Different Dog Breeds Based on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

et al. 2018

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Objective: To establish sagittal area and length reference values and ratios between apparently normal canine cervical vertebrae and intervertebral disks using magnetic resonance imaging.Sample: Retrospective evaluation of cervical vertebral column magnetic resonance imaging studies of 44 dogs representing 5 different breeds (Labrador Retriever, n = 10; French Bulldog, n = 10; Great Dane, n = 9; Chihuahua, n = 10; Dachshund, n = 5).Procedures: Mid-sagittal measurements of vertebral body and disk areas were obtained from C3 through C7 vertebrae and C2/C3 through C6/C7 intervertebral disks. Disk to vertebra area ratios were calculated and compared among dog breeds. Additionally, sagittal vertebral body and disk length measurements were obtained and disk to vertebra length ratios calculated. Inter and intra observer variability was assessed.Results: There were significant differences for disk to vertebral body area and length ratios between evaluated dog breeds and cervical vertebral locations (p < 0.001). Mean area ratio of Chihuahuas was significantly larger than all other breeds, while results from Dachshunds were only significantly different than Chihuahuas and Labrador Retrievers. Mean area ratios were statistically different between the cranial and caudal cervical vertebral locations. Regarding length ratios, results from Chihuahuas were significantly different than all breeds except Dachshunds. Mean length ratios were statistically different between all cervical locations, except C2/C3 compared to C3/C4. Intra- and interobserver variability was very good to excellent.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: There are significant differences in area and length ratios between dog breeds. Differences also exist in area and length ratios between the cranial and caudal cervical vertebral column. These differences may play a role in the development of vertebral column diseases including intervertebral disk disease.

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Cervical intervertebral disk herniation in chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid small-breed dogs: 187 cases (1993–2013)

Abstract: Results suggested that there may be breed-specific differences in the characteristics of cervical IVDH in small-breed dogs.

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

Prevalence of neurological disorders in French bulldog: a retrospective study of 343 cases (2002–2016)

Cervical hyperaesthesia in dogs: an epidemiological retrospective study of 185 cases

Cervical Intervertebral Disk to Vertebral Body Ratios of Different Dog Breeds Based on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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