Cervical Intervertebral Disk to Vertebral Body Ratios of Different Dog Breeds Based on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Düver, Pia; Precht, Christina; Fosgate, Geoffrey T.; Forterre, Franck; Hettlich, Bianca Felicitas

doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00248

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There were also fewer dogs ≤5 kg that showed a larger tendency of relative cord size at C1–C2. Given that there are significant morphological differences in the cervical region like the vertebral body and disk length between dog breeds ( 28 ), it cannot be excluded that differences in the relative cord size at C1–C2 may be due to the inherently variable anatomic shapes in this region. Therefore, future studies will also be needed to investigate this region in toy-breed dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

Lee

Seo²,

Yoon

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Cervical spinal disease is one of the most common neurological disorders in small-breed dogs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common test for dogs with cervical spinal diseases. However, there is no information on cervical spinal canal and cord using MRI in normal small-breed dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to perform analyses to establish morphologic MRI reference ranges of the cervical spinal canal and cord in normal small-breed dogs. Cervical MRI examinations were taken in 20 client-owned small dogs. The height, width, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the spinal canal and cord were measured on sagittal and transverse T2-weighted images at each vertebral body level and each intervertebral disk level from C1–C2 to C7 (a total of 12 levels). The height ratio, the width ratio, and the CSA ratio were calculated. The height, width, and CSA of the spinal canal and cord increased as the dog's weight increased (p < 0.01), except for that at C1–C2. However, there was no correlation between the body weight and height ratio and the width ratio and CSA ratio at all levels, except for that at C1–C2. Also, there was a negative correlation between the body weight and CSA ratio at C1–C2. There were no statistical differences for the CSA of the spinal canal, the CSA of the spinal cord, and the CSA ratio between nearby levels, except for that at C1–C2. There was no statistical difference between measurements at each same level of the sagittal and transverse images. The results of this study may provide basic and morphometric information for diagnosing and researching cervical spinal diseases in small-breed dogs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

Lee

Seo²,

Yoon

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Differences affecting intervertebral disk and endplates morphometry where found within the cervical spine ( 26 ). Significant breed-associated differences were also found in canine cervical intervertebral disk-to-vertebral body area and length ratios ( 28 ). All these breed specific dissimilarities may play a role in the regional development of cervical spine diseases in predisposed groups of dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CT-Scan Based Evaluation of Dorsal-to-Ventral Ratios of Paraspinal Musculature in Chondrodystrophic and Non-chondrodystrophic Dogs

et al. 2020

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Objective: To assess and objectively quantify, with CT-scan exams, differences in cervical paraspinal musculature and vertebrae angulation that might influence the different predisposed sites for intervertebral disk disease observed in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds. Sample: Retrospective evaluation and analysis of cervical spine CT-scans performed on 30 dogs presented for clinical reasons unrelated to a cervical disk problem. 15 chondrodystrophic (Dachshunds) and 15 non-chondrodystrophic dogs (Labrador Retrievers) were included. Procedures: Height measurements of dorsal and ventral paraspinal musculature were performed on sagittal CT-scan reconstructions to generate dorsal-to-ventral height ratios. Additionally, disk angulation to the floor of the vertebral canal was determined for each cervical disk. On transverse plane images the areas of the dorsal and the ventral paraspinal musculature were measured and ratios calculated. Furthermore, estimations of moments exerted on the disk were evaluated through calculation of a dorsal-to-ventral ratio of moments applied at the level of each disk. Results: Dachshunds showed a relatively more prominent dorsal paraspinal musculature than Labrador Retrievers with statistically significant higher dorsal-to-ventral height ratios at C3/C4, C4/C5, C7/T1 ( p = 0.034 * , p = 0,004 ** , p = 0.004 ** ) and a dorsal-to-ventral area ratio at C3/C4 ( p < 0.001 ** ). Regarding the disk angle to the spinal canal floor along the cervical spine, Labrador Retrievers had a less steep conformation compared to Dachshunds with a significant difference at C2/C3 ( p < 0.001 ** ). Relation of moments calculations revealed statistically significant differences at C2/C3 ( p = 0.021 * ). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Significant differences have been found in the cervical spine of chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs, regarding paraspinal musculature height and area ratios along with ratio of moments and vertebrae angulation. These differences may affect the anatomical and biomechanical dorsal-to-ventral paraspinal muscle relationship and potentially influence the load on intervertebral disks, especially in the upper cervical spine. Our findings could play a role in understanding the development of intervertebral disk disease.

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“…The lack of association between DWI and MC in our population might be related to the diverse breeds included in our study, leading to variability in vertebral body and disc width measurement. Previous research in the canine cervical vertebral column found that disc to vertebral body area and length ratios differed significantly by breed (46). Further morphometric studies of the canine vertebral column are needed to obtain more information about disc space narrowing association with IVDD and MC in dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Modic changes in the lumbar vertebral column of chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs with intervertebral disc disease

Agustini,

Heimann,

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionModic changes (MC) are signs of vertebral pathology visible on magnetic resonance (MR) images that have been associated with low back pain (LBP) and disc degeneration in people. Multiple breeds of dogs also develop MCs and coincident back pain. However, the association between breed, MC, and spinal pathologies has yet to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of MC that occur spontaneously in the lumbar vertebral column of dogs diagnosed with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and examine their association with demographic criteria and the disc width index (DWI).MethodsMedical records and lumbar vertebral column MR images were examined from 104 dogs (831 intervertebral disc spaces and adjacent vertebrae), which were divided into three groups: chondrodystrophic dogs (CD; n =54) and non-chondrodystrophic dogs (NCD; n =30) with IVDD as the primary diagnosis, and control dogs (n =20) with other spinal diseases as their primary diagnosis.ResultsIncreasing age and a diagnosis of IVDD were significantly associated with MC in dogs (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0062, respectively). In CD dogs with IVDD, Type 2 MC were most prevalent, whereas, in NCD dogs, Type 3 MC were the most prevalent type. Type 2 MC were distributed nearly equally across the lumbar vertebral column, while Type 3 MC were primarily detected at the level of L7-S1.DiscussionThis study demonstrated that MC developed spontaneously in dogs, are common in dogs diagnosed with IVDD, and the type observed varies by breed. Further research is needed to understand the pathogenesis of MC; however, the increased presence of Type 2 MC in CD dogs, similar to what is found in people with disc degeneration, suggests that CD dogs could serve as models for MC in people.

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Cervical Intervertebral Disk to Vertebral Body Ratios of Different Dog Breeds Based on Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

CT-Scan Based Evaluation of Dorsal-to-Ventral Ratios of Paraspinal Musculature in Chondrodystrophic and Non-chondrodystrophic Dogs

Modic changes in the lumbar vertebral column of chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs with intervertebral disc disease

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