CESA5 Is Required for the Synthesis of Cellulose with a Role in Structuring the Adherent Mucilage of Arabidopsis Seeds

Sullivan, Stuart; Ralet, Marie-Christine; Berger, Adeline; Diatloff, Eugene; Bischoff, Volker; Gonneau, Martine; Marion‐Poll, Annie; North, Helen

doi:10.1104/pp.111.179077

Cited by 114 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Small amounts of cellulose, arabinan, and galactan were also found in Arabidopsis seed mucilage (Willats et al, 2001a;Macquet et al, 2007a;Young et al, 2008). Recent studies showed that cellulose plays an adhesive role for the attachment of mucilage pectin to the seed coat epidermal cells (Harpaz-Saad et al, 2011;Mendu et al, 2011;Sullivan et al, 2011). Variations in both mucilage composition and structure have been observed in other plants (Anderson, 1933;Muralikrishna et al, 1987;Naran et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 93%

“…Detailed information about all monoclonal antibodies included in this study can be found at WallMabDB (http://www.wallmabdb.net), an online database that provides information about the immunogens used to develop the antibodies, their isotype, the cell wall polysaccharide class they primarily recognize, and detailed epitope information where available (Pattathil et al, 2010). Whole-seed immunolabeling was conducted as described (Sullivan et al, 2011).…”

Section: Immunological Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of genes that play roles in Arabidopsis seed mucilage polysaccharide biosynthesis/metabolism have been identified. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) was found to be involved in cellulose synthesis (Sullivan et al, 2011), while MUCILAGE-MODIFIED4/RHAMNOSE SYNTHESIS2 (MUM4/RHM2) encodes a UDP-Rha synthase (Usadel et al, 2004;Western et al, 2004;Oka et al, 2007). The mum2, atsbt1.7, atbxl1, pmei6, fly1, and per36 mutants were found to be defective in pectin modification (Dean et al, 2007;Macquet et al, 2007b;Rautengarten et al, 2008;Arsovski et al, 2009;Saez-Aguayo et al, 2013;Voiniciuc et al, 2013) or in the degradation of the outer cell wall of the outer integument (Kunieda et al, 2013), all of which show a mucilage-release defect.…”

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GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

et al. 2013

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The function of a putative galacturonosyltransferase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; At1g02720; GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 [AtGATL5]) was studied using a combination of molecular genetic, chemical, and immunological approaches. AtGATL5 is expressed in all plant tissues, with highest expression levels in siliques 7 DPA. Furthermore, its expression is positively regulated by several transcription factors that are known to regulate seed coat mucilage production. AtGATL5 is localized in both endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, in comparison with marker proteins resident to these subcellular compartments. A transfer DNA insertion in the AtGATL5 gene generates seed coat epidermal cell defects both in mucilage synthesis and cell adhesion. Transformation of atgatl5-1 mutants with the wild-type AtGATL5 gene results in the complementation of all morphological phenotypes. Compositional analyses of the mucilage isolated from the atgatl5-1 mutant demonstrated that galacturonic acid and rhamnose contents are decreased significantly in atgatl5-1 compared with wild-type mucilage. No changes in structure were observed between soluble mucilage isolated from wild-type and mutant seeds, except that the molecular weight of the mutant mucilage increased 63% compared with that of the wild type. These data provide evidence that AtGATL5 might function in the regulation of the final size of the mucilage rhamnogalacturonan I.

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Section: Immunological Analysesmentioning

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GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

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“…A simple hypothesis for the role of CESA5 in mucilage adherence is that it synthesizes cellulose, which interacts with the mucilage pectin to mediate adherence. Loss of CESA5 function results in a reduction of mucilage cellulose biosynthesis and a less adherent mucilage cell wall matrix (Mendu et al, 2011;Sullivan et al, 2011). The role of SOS5 in mucilage adherence is more difficult to explain.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recently, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) and SOS5 were proposed to facilitate cellulose-mediated mucilage adherence (Harpaz-Saad et al, 2011;Mendu et al, 2011;Sullivan et al, 2011). A simple hypothesis for the role of CESA5 in mucilage adherence is that it synthesizes cellulose, which interacts with the mucilage pectin to mediate adherence.…”

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SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 Mediates Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage Adherence and Organization through Pectins

Griffiths¹,

Tsai²,

Xue

et al. 2014

Plant Physiology

135

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Interactions between cell wall polymers are critical for establishing cell wall integrity and cell-cell adhesion. Here, we exploit the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat mucilage system to examine cell wall polymer interactions. On hydration, seeds release an adherent mucilage layer strongly attached to the seed in addition to a nonadherent layer that can be removed by gentle agitation. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) is the primary component of adherent mucilage, with homogalacturonan, cellulose, and xyloglucan constituting minor components. Adherent mucilage contains rays composed of cellulose and pectin that extend above the center of each epidermal cell. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) and the arabinogalactan protein SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 (SOS5) are required for mucilage adherence through unknown mechanisms. SOS5 has been suggested to mediate adherence by influencing cellulose biosynthesis. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between SOS5 and CESA5. cesa5-1 seeds show reduced cellulose, RG I, and ray size in adherent mucilage. In contrast, sos5-2 seeds have wild-type levels of cellulose but completely lack adherent RG I and rays. Thus, relative to each other, cesa5-1 has a greater effect on cellulose, whereas sos5-2 mainly affects pectin. The double mutant cesa5-1 sos5-2 has a much more severe loss of mucilage adherence, suggesting that SOS5 and CESA5 function independently. Doublemutant analyses with mutations in MUCILAGE MODIFIED2 and FLYING SAUCER1 that reduce mucilage release through pectin modification suggest that only SOS5 influences pectin-mediated adherence. Together, these findings suggest that SOS5 mediates adherence through pectins and does so independently of but in concert with cellulose synthesized by CESA5.

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New Insights into the Composition and Structure of Seed Mucilage

Phan

Burton

2018

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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Upon exposure to aqueous environments, polysaccharides present in the seed coats of myxospermous species swell and extrude forming a halo of mucilage that completely envelops the seed. The extruded mucilage is usually a composite of pectic, non‐cellulosic, and cellulosic polysaccharides, and because of its accessibility the seed mucilage system has been used extensively in the laboratory to uncover molecular mechanisms associated with plant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharide biosynthesis. The mucilage of Arabidopsis , which is predominantly composed of pectic polysaccharides, is the most extensively characterised. Interrogation of this system has revealed intricate molecular and chemical details about polysaccharide biosynthesis and seed coat development, clearly demonstrating the effectiveness of using seed mucilage systems as a proxy to study PCW polysaccharide biosynthesis. Significant advances have been made in our understanding and identification of the genes and enzymes involved in pectin, cellulose, and xylan biosynthesis. Recent results regarding the composition, combined with the definition of the architectural properties, of extruded seed mucilage are synergistic with our current models of how polysaccharides interact in the PCW. In addition to the desirable characteristics of myxospermy for the study of PCW polysaccharide biosynthesis, industrial applications of seed mucilages are extensive. Strong interest from the food manufacturing and processing, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and waste management industries has also encouraged researchers to investigate the physiochemical properties of seed mucilages and their possible applications. This article highlights the recent advances made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and the architectural properties of mucilage biosynthesis across diverse species.

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CESA5 Is Required for the Synthesis of Cellulose with a Role in Structuring the Adherent Mucilage of Arabidopsis Seeds

Cited by 114 publications

References 68 publications

GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 Mediates Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage Adherence and Organization through Pectins

New Insights into the Composition and Structure of Seed Mucilage

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