Cesarean Section in Cattle: A Review

Abstract

Cesarean section is one of the oldest surgical procedure performed on cows for delivery of the fetus at parturition. Depending upon the health status of dam and fetus cesarean section has been classified as emergency, non emphysematous and emphysematous procedure. The common maternal indications for performing cesarean section include pelvic fractures, cervical dilation failure and uncorrectable uterine torsion whereas the fetal indication include oversized fetuses and maldisposed calves. Many anesthetic protocols are available for cow however, most cesarean section in cattle can be satisfactorily performed under mild sedation and local infiltration anesthesia using 2% lidocaine. Operative sites for cesarean section in cattle include right and left flank, midline, paramedian, parammary and oblique ventrolateral. The choice of operative sites depends upon facility and patient condition. Peri-operative (before, during and after the operation) care appears to be of utmost significance, post-operative complications of cesarean section include peritonitis, seroma formation, hernia and poor fertility. On the successful outcome of cesarean section in cows in terms of dam and calf survival and future fertility of cows underdoing cesarean section. Previous handling, delay in presentation to referral centers results in poor outcome and thus animal owners must be explained the benefits of prompt presentation of cow to cesarean section for optimal benefits.

The Key to the Sustainability and Conservation of Extractive Reserves in the Amazon

“…This weakens the territorial governance of local communities and severely affects environmental conservation [116]. Thus, it is essential to strengthen productive activities to improve food efficiency and reduce subsistence difficulties through environmentally sustainable strategies [10].…”

“…However, colonial governments and modern states have plundered the extraction of natural resources, with commodity production, unequal development, land concentration, environmental contamination, usurpation of indigenous territories, infrastructure projects, and extractive industries [9][10][11]. For example, deforestation, burning, mining, and business agribusiness have resulted in degradation of the forests that is visible from space, altered climatic conditions, caused biodiversity losses, and hindered sustainable livelihoods in the Amazon [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Dropsy of Fetal Membranes Combined with Hydrocephalus in a Jersey Crossbred Heifer

“…Normal saline intravenously. Under paravertebral nerve block cesarean section was performed (Kumar and Purohit 2022) and a dead male fetus was removed. Approximately about 280 L of mixed fetal fluids were drained.…”