Cetacean morbillivirus in Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Guardo, Giovanni Di; Mazzariol, Sandro

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00211

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although the d N /d S analyses can detect balancing selection over long periods, on shorter time scales, there might be other influences, such as bottlenecks, or directional selection due to a recent change in pathogen load; these can be detected by Tajima's D, with the proviso that because it is sensitive to demographic and selective effects, they could cancel each other out. Bottlenose dolphin mortalities due to pathogens, such as the cetacean morbillivirus, have been reported in Western Australia (Stephens et al, 2014), and outbreaks are associated with high mortality (van Bressem et al, 2014;Di Guardo & Mazzariol, 2014). If this mortality is selective, then it could give a signal with Tajima's D, unless counteracted by some demographic effect.…”

Section: Potential Factors Contributing To the Interpopulation Differ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is MHC diversity a better marker for conservation than neutral genetic diversity? A case study of two contrasting dolphin populations

Manlik

Krützen

Kopps

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Genetic diversity is essential for populations to adapt to changing environments. Measures of genetic diversity are often based on selectively neutral markers, such as microsatellites. Genetic diversity to guide conservation management, however, is better reflected by adaptive markers, including genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Our aim was to assess MHC and neutral genetic diversity in two contrasting bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) populations in Western Australia—one apparently viable population with high reproductive output (Shark Bay) and one with lower reproductive output that was forecast to decline (Bunbury). We assessed genetic variation in the two populations by sequencing the MHC class II DQB, which encompasses the functionally important peptide binding regions (PBR). Neutral genetic diversity was assessed by genotyping twenty‐three microsatellite loci. We confirmed that MHC is an adaptive marker in both populations. Overall, the Shark Bay population exhibited greater MHC diversity than the Bunbury population—for example, it displayed greater MHC nucleotide diversity. In contrast, the difference in microsatellite diversity between the two populations was comparatively low. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that viable populations typically display greater genetic diversity than less viable populations. The results also suggest that MHC variation is more closely associated with population viability than neutral genetic variation. Although the inferences from our findings are limited, because we only compared two populations, our results add to a growing number of studies that highlight the usefulness of MHC as a potentially suitable genetic marker for animal conservation. The Shark Bay population, which carries greater adaptive genetic diversity than the Bunbury population, is thus likely more robust to natural or human‐induced changes to the coastal ecosystem it inhabits.

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Section: Potential Factors Contributing To the Interpopulation Differ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is MHC diversity a better marker for conservation than neutral genetic diversity? A case study of two contrasting dolphin populations

Manlik

Krützen

Kopps

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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“…In the past 25 years, different CeMV strains have caused pulmonary and neurological diseases in cetaceans that have led to stranding events involving massive numbers of animals to just one cetacean or a few 9,10 . The first recognized CeMV epizootic occurred in 1987–88 on the Atlantic coast of the USA 11 , when approximately 50% of the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) population died.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of a novel strain of dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) in stranded cetaceans in the Mediterranean Sea

Mira

Rubio-Guerri

Purpari

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) has been responsible for several outbreaks of systemic infection and has resulted in cetacean strandings in the Mediterranean. In August-October 2016, seven striped dolphins ( Stenella coeruleoalba ) stranded on the Sicilian coastline (Italy) tested positive for DMV. Tissue samples from brain, lung, pulmonary lymph nodes, heart, spleen, liver, stomach, intestine, kidneys and urinary bladder, as well as blowhole swabs, were collected during necropsy for molecular diagnostics and pathology studies. Extracted tissue RNA was screened for DMV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Some tissues exhibited microscopic lesions that were consistent with DMV infection on histopathological and immunohistochemical grounds. Conventional reverse transcription PCR to target partial nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein genes yielded sequences used to genetically characterize the associated DMV strain. DMV RNA was detected by both PCR assays in all tested tissues of the seven dolphins, which suggests systemic infections, but was absent from another dolphin stranded on the Sicilian coastline during the same period. The partial phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein gene sequences from the positive dolphins were 99.7% and 99.5% identical, respectively, to the DMV sequences recently observed in cetaceans stranded on the Spanish Mediterranean. Our study suggests that this DMV strain is circulating in the Mediterranean.

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“…While this fact could be partially biased by the increased number of studies carried out, in the near past, on wild cetaceans from different world regions, of remarkable concern are also the “emerging” CeMV strains recently identified in single, free-ranging cetaceans of different Odontocete species from Hawaii ( West et al, 2013 ) as well as from the southern Hemisphere ( Groch et al, 2014 ; Stephens et al, 2014 ). The genetic differences between the aforementioned isolates and those hitherto characterized from wild cetaceans of the northern Hemisphere ( West et al, 2013 ; Groch et al, 2014 ; Stephens et al, 2014 ) are so prominent that it would be even questionable to include them inside the CeMV “clade” ( Di Guardo and Mazzariol, 2014 ; Van Bressem et al, 2014 ). Furthermore, the “pathological phenotype” observed in CeMV-affected animals from the southern Hemisphere has been reported to diverge from that “classically” seen in infected cetaceans of the northern Hemisphere ( Groch et al, 2014 ; Stephens et al, 2014 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cetacean Morbillivirus-Associated Pathology: Knowns and Unknowns

Guardo

Mazzariol

2016

Front. Microbiol.

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The present minireview deals with the pathology of Cetacean Morbillivirus (CeMV) infection in free-ranging cetaceans. In this respect, while “classical” CeMV-associated lesions were observed in the lung, brain, and lymphoid tissues from striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) and pilot whales (Globicephala melas) which were victims of the 1990–1992 and 2006–2008 epidemics in the Western Mediterranean, an apparent reduction in CeMV neurovirulence, along with a different viral antigen’s tissue and cell distribution, were found during the 2010–2011 and the 2013 outbreaks in the same area. Of remarkable concern are also the documented CeMV ability to induce maternally acquired infections in wild cetaceans, coupled with the progressively expanding geographic and host range of the virus in both Hemispheres, as well as in conjunction with the intriguing forms of “brain-only” morbilliviral infection increasingly reported in Mediterranean-striped dolphins. Future research in this area should address the virus-host interaction dynamics, with particular emphasis on the cell receptors specifying viral tissue tropism in relation to the different cetacean species and to their susceptibility to infection, as well as to the CeMV strains circulating worldwide.

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Cetacean morbillivirus in Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Is MHC diversity a better marker for conservation than neutral genetic diversity? A case study of two contrasting dolphin populations

Is MHC diversity a better marker for conservation than neutral genetic diversity? A case study of two contrasting dolphin populations

Circulation of a novel strain of dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) in stranded cetaceans in the Mediterranean Sea

Cetacean Morbillivirus-Associated Pathology: Knowns and Unknowns

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