Challenges and Recent Advances in Hail Research

Martius, Olivia; Hering, Alessandro; Kunz, Michael; Manzato, Agostino; Mohr, Susanna; Nisi, Luca; Trefalt, Simona

doi:10.1175/bams-d-17-0207.1

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This article approaches the topic of hail in the Earth system by providing a set of perspectives of the areas of research that have been used to inform our understanding. Motivation for this review is driven by recent workshops that have brought together the community in both Europe and North America, which have raised many of the limitations and advances in hail science (e.g Martius et al, ; Romppainen‐Martius et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Hail in the Earth System

Allen

Giammanco

Kumjian

et al. 2020

Reviews of Geophysics

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The processes leading to the development of hail and the distribution of these events worldwide are reviewed. Microphysical and physical characteristics of hail development are described to provide context of the notable gaps in our understanding of what drives hail to grow large, or what determines how it falls to the ground. Distributional characteristics of hail are explored, utilizing both surface observations of hailstones and remotely sensed observational data sets to identify opportunities and needs for new observations. These observational deficiencies contribute to our limited capacity to both forecast hail or its expected size and reduce the effectiveness of using favorable conditions for hail development as a proxy to frequency where observations are unavailable. Given the substantive influences of both climate variability and the changing Earth system on hail, the latest understanding of their contributions to risk are addressed. Applying this understanding of the distribution and physical characteristics of hail, the damage by hail to agriculture and insured property is assessed. Much remains unknown about the processes leading to hail growth and environmental controls on hail occurrence, size, and magnitude, particularly outside of the United States and Europe. A better understanding of the global occurrence of hail is also needed to better anticipate the hazard and associated impacts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Hail in the Earth System

Allen

Giammanco

Kumjian

et al. 2020

Reviews of Geophysics

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“…Complicating understanding this problem further is that observational records that describe the underlying frequency of thunderstorms are incomplete, making such an analysis challenging (e.g. Groenemeijer et al, 2017;Martius et al, 2018). This issue is further exacerbated by the lack of a multinational observational dataset to provide a climate quality record for this type of analysis (Tippett et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the temporal variability of thunderstorms in central and western Europe and the relation to large‐scale flow and teleconnection patterns

Piper

Kunz

Allen

et al. 2019

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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The driving factors that influence the spatial and annual variability of thunderstorms across Europe are still poorly understood. Due to a lack of long‐term, reliable and consistent information about the occurrence of convective storms, a weather type classification has been developed that estimates thunderstorm probability from a combination of appropriate meteorological quantities on the mesoscale. Based on this approach, the temporal and spatial variability of convection‐favouring environments is investigated between 1958 and 2014 using a high‐resolution reanalysis dataset. To identify potential drivers for convective days, typical upper‐level flow patterns were deduced using a multivariate approach. Our results suggest a strong link between local‐scale thunderstorm activity and large‐scale flow and air mass properties, such as stability, moisture, or vertical lifting. For example, while all over central Europe the most prominent pattern is given by a southwesterly flow type over the respective area, distinct regional discrepancies regarding further favourable flow types are observed. The crucial role of large‐scale flow is further studied by assessing the relation between Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns and widespread convective activity. It is found that positive phases of the East Atlantic or Scandinavian patterns go along with a significant enhancement of convection‐favouring conditions in several European regions, which can be explained by anomalies in the large‐scale temperature and flow fields. Sea‐surface temperature over the Bay of Biscay likewise impacts the convective environment, with the largest positive effect over the western part of the study area.

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“…In relative terms, the largest increase in risk is in Africa. Mendelsohn et al (2012) assess TC risk using future scenarios of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Risk is expressed in terms of direct damage, and the damage pertains to storm surge, wind, and freshwater flooding, without distinguishing between the three sources.…”

Section: Tropical Cyclonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large range of different approaches have been used for defining and modelling both the hazard and risk. Mendelsohn et al (2012) and Cardona et al (2014) express risk in probabilistic terms. Mendelsohn et al (2012) is the only study to use a synthetic TC dataset, whilst the other studies use historical TC events to construct the hazard.…”

Section: Tropical Cyclonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: Natural hazard risk assessments at the global scale

Ward

Blauhut

Bloemendaal

et al. 2020

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

198

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Abstract. Since 1990, natural hazards have led to over 1.6 million fatalities globally, and economic losses are estimated at an average of around USD 260–310 billion per year. The scientific and policy communities recognise the need to reduce these risks. As a result, the last decade has seen a rapid development of global models for assessing risk from natural hazards at the global scale. In this paper, we review the scientific literature on natural hazard risk assessments at the global scale, and we specifically examine whether and how they have examined future projections of hazard, exposure, and/or vulnerability. In doing so, we examine similarities and differences between the approaches taken across the different hazards, and we identify potential ways in which different hazard communities can learn from each other. For example, there are a number of global risk studies focusing on hydrological, climatological, and meteorological hazards that have included future projections and disaster risk reduction measures (in the case of floods), whereas fewer exist in the peer-reviewed literature for global studies related to geological hazards. On the other hand, studies of earthquake and tsunami risk are now using stochastic modelling approaches to allow for a fully probabilistic assessment of risk, which could benefit the modelling of risk from other hazards. Finally, we discuss opportunities for learning from methods and approaches being developed and applied to assess natural hazard risks at more continental or regional scales. Through this paper, we hope to encourage further dialogue on knowledge sharing between disciplines and communities working on different hazards and risk and at different spatial scales.

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Challenges and Recent Advances in Hail Research

Abstract: What: About 130 representatives from the academic community, operational weather services, and the insurance industry met in Bern, Switzerland, for three days to discuss the current state of hail research and to identify key research gaps and future challenges.

Cited by 31 publications

References 3 publications

Understanding Hail in the Earth System

Understanding Hail in the Earth System

Investigation of the temporal variability of thunderstorms in central and western Europe and the relation to large‐scale flow and teleconnection patterns

Review article: Natural hazard risk assessments at the global scale

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