Changes in Acute-Phase Proteins during Lithium Potentiation of Antidepressants in Refractory Depression

Sluzewska, A.; Sobieska, Magdalena; Rybakowski, Janusz

doi:10.1159/000119332

Cited by 131 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Effective lithium treatment diminished the plasma concentration of acute phase proteins, a marker for the activation of the inflammatory response system. 31,57 Lithium also reduced the soluble IL-6 receptors and the soluble IL-2 receptors to a normal level in symptomatic rapid cycling bipolar patients with a mild inflammatory response system. 29 Recently, it was found that lithium caused an increase in IL-4 and IL-10, classified as Th-2 cytokines, and a decrease in IL-2 and IFN-␥, classified as Th1 cytokines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The plasma levels of interleukin-12 in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar mania: effects of psychotropic drugs

et al. 2002

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Interleukin-12 (IL-12) plays a key role in promoting T helper 1 (Th1) responses and subsequent cell-mediated immunity. Given the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, the dysregulation of IL-12 in these illnesses would be expected. We measured the plasma levels of IL-12 in 102 psychiatric patients (43 schizophrenia, 34 major depression and 25 bipolar disorder) and 85 normal controls. In addition, IL-12 levels of the patients were measured after an 8-week treatment to assess whether the levels were affected by medication. The IL-12 levels of the patient group with major depression were significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas no differences were found among the other groups. IL-12 values of the three patient groups decreased significantly after 8 weeks of treatment. These findings support the hypothesis that activation of the inflammatory response system and in particular of Th-1-like cells, is involved in the pathophysiology of major depression and that repeated administration of antidepressive and antipsychotic drugs may suppress IL-12 plasma concentrations in psychiatric patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The plasma levels of interleukin-12 in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar mania: effects of psychotropic drugs

et al. 2002

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“…The impact of epigenetic changes in FKBP5 are in part related to the induction of glucocorticoid resistance and reduced hormonal (glucocorticoid) control of inflammatory responses as reflected by decreased sensitivity to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in vitro following LPS stimulation (Klengel et al, 2013). Relative to treatment response, it should also be noted that increased inflammatory markers have been associated with treatment nonresponse, such that patients with evidence of increased inflammation before antidepressant treatment exhibit reduced treatment responsiveness, and patients who are defined as treatment resistant exhibit increased inflammatory markers (Sluzewska et al, 1997;Lanquillon et al, 2000;Raison et al, 2013a, b;Strawbridge et al, 2015).…”

Section: Foundations For the Hypothesis That The Immune System Plays mentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Implications of Brain–Immune Interactions: Treatment in Translation

Miller

Haroon

Felger

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

119

124

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A wealth of data has been amassed that details a complex, yet accessible, series of pathways by which the immune system, notably inflammation, can influence the brain and behavior. These data have opened the window to a diverse array of novel targets whose potential efficacy is tied to specific neurotransmitters and neurocircuits as well as specific behaviors. What is clear is that the impact of inflammation on the brain cuts across psychiatric disorders and engages dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways that regulate motivation and motor activity as well as the sensitivity to threat. Given the ability to identify patient populations with increased inflammation, the precision of interventions can be further tuned, in conjunction with the ability to establish target engagement in the brain through the use of multiple neuroimaging strategies. After a brief overview of the mechanisms by which inflammation affects the brain and behavior, this review examines the extant literature on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatments, while forging guidelines for future intelligent clinical trial design. An examination of the most promising therapeutic strategies is also provided, along with some of the most exciting clinical trials that are currently being planned or underway.

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“…Depressive patients who do not respond to antidepressant therapy have been shown to have higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and CRH in the circulation, compared with patients who are not resistant to this therapeutic procedure [119] (Figure 1).…”

Section: Corticotrophin-releasing Hormone (Crh)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Immune System in Depression Disorder

Hoseinzadeh¹,

Abadi²,

Agheltar³

et al. 2016

Health

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In order to diagnose a major depressive disorder, patients must have at least 5 depressive symptoms out of 9 criteria, present for at least two weeks. Depressive symptoms include absence of concentration, fatigue and suicidal ideation. The intensity of depression symptoms affects the severity of depression and the degree of the impact on the quality of life. Major depressive disorders (MDD) are defined as a significant health problem, and are estimated to rise in prevalence in the future years. Immune cytokine, associated with major depression for instance, is the interleukin IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) which is defined as pro-inflammatory cytokines, can activate an inflammatory response. The effects of other inflammatory cytokines on the central nervous system are of controversy. There is an increasing interest about the effect of cytokines derived from innate immune system on the brain and behavior. Cytokines are defined as large sized proteins, mainly produced by immune cells. Two subtypes of cytokines exist: pro-inflammatory cytokines, facilitating inflammatory responses and neural activities; and anti-inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting inflammatory processes. Besides microglia and astrocytes, immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes also produce cytokines. At the times of immunological alterations, infections or inflammation, cytokines will be in an activated form. The main goal of the current review study is to investigate the role of the immune system in the depression disorder.

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Changes in Acute-Phase Proteins during Lithium Potentiation of Antidepressants in Refractory Depression

Cited by 131 publications

References 23 publications

The plasma levels of interleukin-12 in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar mania: effects of psychotropic drugs

The plasma levels of interleukin-12 in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar mania: effects of psychotropic drugs

Therapeutic Implications of Brain–Immune Interactions: Treatment in Translation

The Role of Immune System in Depression Disorder

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