Changes in Antioxidative, Oxidoreductive and Detoxification Enzymes during Development of Aphids and Temperature Increase

Abstract

Temperature, being the main factor that has an influence on insects, causes changes in their development, reproduction, winter survival, life cycles, migration timing, and population dynamics. The effects of stress caused by a temperature increase on insects may depend on many factors, such as the frequency, amplitude, duration of the stress, sex, or the developmental stage of the insect. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the enzymatic activity of nymphs and adult aphids Aphis pomi, Macrosiphum rosae and Cinara cupressi, and changes in their response to a temperature increase from 20 to 28 °C. The activity of enzymatic markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD)) in aphid tissues was analysed for three constant temperatures. The results of our research showed that the enzymatic activity of aphids (measured as the activity of antioxidant, detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes) was mainly determined by the type of morph. We observed a strong positive correlation between the activity of the detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes and aphids’ development, and a negative correlation between the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and aphids’ development. Moreover, the study showed that an increase in temperature caused changes in enzyme activity (especially SOD, CAT and β-glucosidase), which was highest at 28 °C, in both nymphs and adults. Additionally, a strong positive correlation between metabolic activity (heat flow measured by microcalorimeter) and longevity was observed, which confirmed the relationship between these characteristics of aphids. The antioxidant enzyme system is more efficient in aphid nymphs, and during aphid development the activity of antioxidant enzymes decreases. The antioxidant enzyme system in aphids appears to deliver effective protection for nymphs and adults under stressful conditions, such as high temperatures.

Highly Efficient Use of Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to Identify Aphid Species

“…Our research indicates that this method could be used to discriminate against aphid species, but more research is needed. Many studies show that the chemical composition of the insect’s body changes during its life cycle, depending on gender, and adapts to unfavorable environmental conditions, e.g., the season [ 32 , 39 , 40 ]. Therefore, as in the case of plant material, it is important to properly collect and prepare samples for FTIR analysis, taking into account all these factors [ 41 ].…”

Differences in Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Black Bean Aphid Morphs (Aphis fabae Scop.) Fed on the Primary Host Viburnum opulus L.

“…The antioxidant defense system of aphids is also influenced by temperature. Durak et al [ 74 ] and Dampc et al [ 75 ] showed that an increase in temperature caused alterations in SOD and CAT activity, which were highest at 28 °C, in Aphis pomi (De Geer), Macrosiphum rosae (L.) and Cinara cupressi (Buckton). Khursid et al [ 69 ] stated that SOD and CAT activity in M. persicae adults increased under short-term heat stress.…”

Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae): Biologi dan Kerusakannya pada Singkong Kering (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

“…Pada nimfa dicirikan oleh peningkatan enzim antioksidan (superokside dismutase dan katalase) sedangkan pada imago, terjadi peningkatan enzim detoksifikasi (βglucosidase & glutathiones-transferase) dan oksidoreduktif (polifenol oxidase & peroxidase). Peningkatan enzim tersebut akan mengurangi umur panjang serangga (Durak et al, 2021) Trogoderma granarium,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] keduanya memiliki perkembangan yang berbeda nyata pada kandungan nutrisi yang berbeda (Cox & Collins, 2001)…”