2023
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02480-6
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Changes in anxiety and depression symptoms during the Covid-19 lockdown in the Netherlands. The moderating role of pre-existing mental health, employment situation and alcohol consumption

Abstract: Purpose Evidence suggests an increase of depression and anxiety symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic but most studies relied on cross-sectional designs and/or small samples, and they often overlooked subgroup effects in the impact of the lockdown. We investigated the effect of the pandemic on depression and anxiety symptoms, and whether it differed by employment situation and alcohol consumption. Methods This longitudinal study used 23 waves of the Covid-… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(2 citation statements)
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“…Regarding anxiety, depression, and insomnia, contextual factors, such as country-specific governmental restrictions, though not formally studied, probably influenced these measures, contributing to inconclusive results. For example, the strictest COVID-19 lockdown in the Netherlands coincided with our second measurement and a peak in depressive symptoms in the general population ( 27 , 28 ). This peak may explain the observed increase in continuous depression scores, which, on average, remained below the clinical threshold.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 61%
“…Regarding anxiety, depression, and insomnia, contextual factors, such as country-specific governmental restrictions, though not formally studied, probably influenced these measures, contributing to inconclusive results. For example, the strictest COVID-19 lockdown in the Netherlands coincided with our second measurement and a peak in depressive symptoms in the general population ( 27 , 28 ). This peak may explain the observed increase in continuous depression scores, which, on average, remained below the clinical threshold.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 61%
“…For many people, the level of loneliness during the containment period is very high ( Bu et al, 2020 ). In the Netherlands, especially during the winter of 2021, the most stringent blockade period, depression and anxiety symptoms will increase significantly; Blockades have increased symptoms of depression and anxiety among people ( Mangot-Sala et al, 2023 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%