Changes in Carbohydrate Levels, .ALPHA.-Amylase Activity, Indoleacetic Acid and Gibberellin-like Substances in the Summer Shoots of Wase Satsuma Mandarin Trees Grown Indoors during Flower-Bud Differentiation.

Yahata, Daijirou; Oba, Yoshiki; Kuwahara, Minoru

doi:10.2503/jjshs.64.527

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Lack of carbohydrate in the ON year directly or indirectly reduces flowering the following year [6] . Support for this hypothesis has been provided by showing positive correlations between carbohydrate levels and AB status [7] – [13] , whereas others have shown no consistent relationship between tree carbohydrate status and floral intensity at return bloom [2] , [3] , [14] – [19] . The “hormonal” hypothesis proposes that developing fruit produce an inhibitor that directly or indirectly reduces flowering in the spring following the ON crop [20] – [22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

et al. 2012

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Alternate bearing (AB) is the process in fruit trees by which cycles of heavy yield (ON crop) one year are followed by a light yield (OFF crop) the next. Heavy yield usually reduces flowering intensity the following year. Despite its agricultural importance, how the developing crop influences the following year's return bloom and yield is not fully understood. It might be assumed that an ‘AB signal’ is generated in the fruit, or in another organ that senses fruit presence, and moves into the bud to determine its fate—flowering or vegetative growth. The bud then responds to fruit presence by altering regulatory and metabolic pathways. Determining these pathways, and when they are altered, might indicate the nature of this putative AB signal. We studied bud morphology, the expression of flowering control genes, and global gene expression in ON- and OFF-crop buds. In May, shortly after flowering and fruit set, OFF-crop buds were already significantly longer than ON-crop buds. The number of differentially expressed genes was higher in May than at the other tested time points. Processes differentially expressed between ON- and OFF-crop trees included key metabolic and regulatory pathways, such as photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. The expression of genes of trehalose metabolism and flavonoid metabolism was validated by nCounter technology, and the latter was confirmed by metabolomic analysis. Among genes induced in OFF-crop trees was one homologous to SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL), which controls juvenile-to-adult and annual phase transitions, regulated by miR156. The expression pattern of SPL-like, miR156 and other flowering control genes suggested that fruit load affects bud fate, and therefore development and metabolism, a relatively long time before the flowering induction period. Results shed light on some of the metabolic and regulatory processes that are altered in ON and OFF buds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

et al. 2012

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“…Inhibitors of GA biosynthesis have been demonstrated to promote flowering (Monselize and Halevy, 1964;Ogata et al, 1995). Endogenous GA levels in relation to flowering of citrus have been analyzed (Koshita and Takahara, 2004;Koshita et al, 1999;Ogata et al, 1996;Takagi et al, 1989;Yahata et al, 1995). Some reports indicate that endogenous GA levels are correlated with fruit bearing (Koshita and Takahara, 2004;Takagi et al, 1989).…”

Section: ) Effects Of Phytohormones On Citrus Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Floral Induction in Citrus

Nishikawa¹

2013

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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In the citrus industry, juvenility and alternate bearing are serious problems that cause lengthening of the breeding cycle and instability of annual fruit production, respectively. Both phenomena are closely related to flowering behavior: juvenility is caused by suppression of flowering in young plants and alternate bearing mainly results from suppression of flowering by fruit production. Many researchers have conducted studies into citrus flowering in a quest to resolve these problems. In recent years, molecular and genetic approaches to studying citrus flowering have been performed on the basis of studies on flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, the protein encoding a flowering-related gene, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), plays an important role in the promotion of flowering. Similarly, a citrus orthologue of FT (CiFT) has been confirmed to have a function in the promotion of flowering in citrus. In studies of transgenic plants, a CiFT co-expression vector has been already used to shorten the juvenile phase of citrus. In addition, endogenous expression of CiFT is closely correlated with flowering under various conditions, suggesting that endogenous CiFT may regulate floral induction. Considering the accumulating data, the regulation of CiFT expression is hypothesized to be essential to understand the mechanism of citrus flowering and studies on CiFT are expected to contribute to the resolution of flowering-related problems in citrus.

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“…It has been previously shown that the carbohydrate contents of the leaves or bark of shoots that produce the next flowers gradually increase during flower bud differentiation/development period in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) trees growing outdoors in Valencia, Spain [27], or in early-heating plastic houses in Fukuoka, Japan [28], although they sometimes decrease temporarily; however, none of these studies found a direct relationship between flower bud differentiation and the sugar or starch content. In the present study, the number of first-flush flowers was most closely related to the sugar content of the current shoots that set flowers for fruit production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Altered Carbohydrate Allocation Due to Soil Water Deficit Affects Summertime Flowering in Meiwa Kumquat Trees

2020

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The summertime flowers of the ever-flowering Meiwa kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) are the most useful for fruit production in Japan; however, summertime flowers bloom in three or four successive waves at approximately 10 day intervals, resulting in fruit of different maturity occurring on the same tree. Soil water deficit (SWD) treatment has been shown to reduce the flowering frequency and improve harvest efficiency; therefore, in this study, the effects of SWD treatment on the accumulation of soluble sugars in each tree organ above-ground were examined and it was discussed how SWD affects the whole-tree water relations and sugar accumulation by osmoregulation. The number of first-flush summertime flowers was higher in SWD-treated trees than non-treated control (CONT) trees (177.0 and 58.0 flowers, respectively), whereas the second- and third-flush flowers were only observed in CONT trees. The soluble sugar content was higher in SWD treated trees than CONT trees for all organs and tended to be higher in current-year organs than previous-year organs; however, when the sugar content of the current-year spring stems exceeded approximately 100 mg g−1 dry weight, the current-year leaf water potential decreased sharply and the rate of increase in the number of first-flush flowers also tended to decrease. SWD treatment significantly increased the total sugar content of the xylem tissue of the scaffold branches to three times the value in CONT trees (p = 0.001); however, the increase was observed even in sucrose, a disaccharide, similar to that in monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose. These results suggest that the increased sugar levels in the xylem tissue resulted from not only osmoregulation but also other factors as well; therefore, these sugars may affect whole-tree water relations as well as the development of flower buds.

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Changes in Carbohydrate Levels, .ALPHA.-Amylase Activity, Indoleacetic Acid and Gibberellin-like Substances in the Summer Shoots of Wase Satsuma Mandarin Trees Grown Indoors during Flower-Bud Differentiation.

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

Regulation of Floral Induction in Citrus

Altered Carbohydrate Allocation Due to Soil Water Deficit Affects Summertime Flowering in Meiwa Kumquat Trees

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