Changes in fat-free mass during significant weight loss: a systematic review

Chaston, Timothy B.; Dixon, John; O'Brien, Paul Edmond

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803483

Cited by 377 publications

(355 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Adding exercise to the low‐calorie diet regimen, however, changes this ratio by increasing FM losses and reducing FFM losses after just 4 weeks of intervention (Chaston et al. 2007; Heymsfield et al. 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition of two-week change in body weight under unrestricted free-living conditions

et al. 2017

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The composition of weight change has a large impact on energy balance calculations. Composition of long‐term weight change interventions is well‐documented, but information on short‐term weight change under unrestricted free‐living conditions is limited. The composition and energy density of the changes in body weight during 2‐week free‐living conditions were analyzed in adults from two cohorts: cohort 1 (n = 24) included participants from the reproducibility subset of the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition study; cohort 2 (n = 22) included participants who were studied under free‐living conditions in an ongoing study in the Chicago area. Change in body weight, total body water (TBW) by stable isotope dilution (cohort 1), and fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) by serial DXA (cohort 2) were measured. To determine the fractional composition of the change in body weight we analyzed the linear associations between changes in body weight and changes in body composition. In the combined dataset, the average change in body weight (0.26 ± 1.2 kg) was consistent with being in energy balance. Average change in body weight was associated with the change in TBW (P < 0.0001) in cohort 1 and the change in FFM (P = 0.0002) in cohort 2. A unit change in body weight was composed of 84% change in FFM in the combined dataset indicating that 2‐week fluctuation in body weight is largely composed of FFM. The energy density of 1–3 kg short‐term changes in body weight averaged 2380 kcal/kg.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chaston et al. (2007) reported that exercise in addition to calorie restriction achieved ~22% of fat‐free mass loss. The type and intensity of physical activity included will further impact the ΔFFM/ΔWeight ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of two-week change in body weight under unrestricted free-living conditions

et al. 2017

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“…Somewhat lower losses in FFM (expressed in per cent of weight lost) have been observed with diets providing more than 3 347 kJ (800 kcal) per day (14.0 % (IQR: 4-24 %)) than with diets providing fewer than that (23.4 % (IQR: 15.4-31.4 %)) (Chaston et al, 2007).…”

Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the level at which losses of FFM should be considered to be adverse is unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention and observational studies (Chaston et al, 2007), which assessed changes in fat mass and FFM by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), or underwater weighing after weight loss of more than 10 kg, showed a median loss of FFM of 23.4 % of the body weight loss (interquartile range (IQR): 15.4-31.4 %) with VLCDs (three studies (136 subjects)), of 22.5 % (11.5-33.5 %) with VLCDs plus exercise (two studies (40 subjects)) and 14.0 % (IQR: 4-24 %) with LCDs (eight studies (241 subjects)) with study periods between 6 and 52 weeks. In regression analyses, losses in FFM were explained by the energy content of the diet only.…”

Section: Metabolic Consequences Of Weight Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control

Products¹

2015

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control. Total diet replacements for weight control are intended to induce a substantial energy deficit in overweight or obese adults who wish to lose weight and replace the whole diet in the context of energyrestricted diets for weight reduction. In this opinion, the Panel proposed a minimum protein content based on a Population Reference Intake for protein adjusted for the overweight or obese (75 g/day), a minimum carbohydrate content based on the obligatory glucose demands of the brain (30 g/day) and minimum contents of linoleic acid (11 g/day), α-linolenic acid (1.4 g/day) and micronutrients based on reference values established either by the Panel or by other scientific or authoritative bodies. Derived from the minimum content of macronutrients, the Panel proposed a minimum energy content of total diet replacements for weight control of 2 510 kJ/day (600 kcal/day). The Panel also advised on potential conditions and restrictions of use for these products. © European SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control. Total diet replacements for weight control are intended to induce a substantial energy deficit in overweight or obese adults who wish to lose weight and replace the whole diet in the context of energy-restricted diets for weight reduction.The guiding principle for providing advice on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control should be that products are safe and suitable when consumed as a sole source of nutrition for several weeks to months by overweight or obese adults in the context of energy-restricted diets for weight reduction. In order to avoid nutrient deficiencies, these products should, therefore, provide at least the Population Reference Intake or the Adequate Intake for adults of all indispensable nutrients. As Dietary Reference Values are generally established for healthy, normal-weight individuals, specific consideration has been given by the Panel in this opinion whether there was an increase in nutrient requirements in the overweight or obese or (rapid) weight loss leads to an increased nutrient loss and thus a higher requirement. The Panel also considered the extent to which different diet compositions impact on losses in fat-free mass, and on other adverse effects of weight loss diets, such as gallstone formation. The effectiveness of a product in terms of extent of weight loss was not in itself considered an appropriate determinant for the necessary composition of total diet replacements for weight control. ProteinThe Population Reference Intake of 0.83 g/kg body weight per day cannot be directly applied to overweight or obese indi...

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“…It is well known that body fat is associated with significant amounts of non-fat tissue involved in its mechanical and physiological support so that changes in FM are generally accompanied by changes in FFM leading to a correlation between them (e.g. Brožek, 1963;Burton, 2010Burton, , 2012. Chaston et al, 2007;Dixon et al, 2007;Forbes, 1987;Heymsfield et al, 2011Heymsfield et al, , 2014Keys and Brožek, 1953;Webster et al, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships among fat mass, fat‐free mass and height in adults: A new method of statistical analysis applied to NHANES data

Burton

2016

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives:The positive influence of fat mass (FM) on fat-free mass (FFM) has been quantified previously by various methods involving regression analysis of population data, but some are fundamentally flawed through neglect of the tendency of taller individuals to carry more fat. Differences in FFM due to differences in FM  and not directly related to differences in height  are expressed as ΔFFM/ΔFM, denoted KF. The main aims were to find a sounder regression-based method of quantifying KF and simultaneously of estimating mean BMI0, the BMI of hypothetical fat-free individuals. Other, related, objectives were to check the linearity of FFM-FM relationships and to quantify the correlation between FM and height.Methods: New statistical methods, explored and verified by Monte Carlo simulation, were applied to NHANES data. Regression of height 2 on FFM and FM produced estimates of mean KF and indirectly of BMI0. Both were then adjusted to allow for variability in KF around its mean. Its standard deviation was estimated by a novel method. Results:Relationships between FFM and FM were linear, not semi-logarithmic as is sometimes assumed. Mean KF is similar in Mexican American men and women, but higher in men than women in non-Hispanic European and African Americans. Mean BMI0 is higher in men than in women. FM correlates more strongly with height than has been found previously. Conclusions:A more accurate way of quantifying mean BMI0 and the dependence of FFM on FM is established that may be easily applied to new and existing population data.

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Changes in fat-free mass during significant weight loss: a systematic review

Cited by 377 publications

References 59 publications

Composition of two-week change in body weight under unrestricted free-living conditions

Composition of two-week change in body weight under unrestricted free-living conditions

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control

Relationships among fat mass, fat‐free mass and height in adults: A new method of statistical analysis applied to NHANES data

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