Changes in food intake patterns during 2000–2007 and 2008–2016 in the population-based Northern Sweden Diet Database

Abstract

Background Food intake patterns provide a summary of dietary intake. Few studies have examined trends in food intake patterns over time in large, population-based studies. We examined food intake patterns and related sociodemographic and individual characteristics in the large Northern Sweden Diet Database during the two time windows 2000–2007 and 2008–2016. Methods In total, 100 507 participants (51% women) who had filled in a 64-item food frequency questionnaire and provided background and sociodemographic data between 2000 and 2016 were included. Food intake patterns were evaluated for women and men separately for the two time windows 2000–2007 and 2008–2016, respectively. Latent class analysis was used to identify distinct, latent clusters based on 40 food groups. Results Among both women and men, a greater proportion of participants were classified into food intake patterns characterized by high-fat spread and high-fat dairy during 2008–2016 compared to 2000–2007. In the earlier time window, these high-fat clusters were related to lower educational level and smoking. Simultaneously, the proportion of women and men classified into a cluster characterized by high intake of fruit, vegetables, and fibre decreased from the earlier to the later time window. Conclusion From a public health perspective, the increase in clusters with a high conditional mean for high-fat spread and high-fat dairy and decrease in clusters with a high conditional mean for fruit and vegetables, during the time period 2008–2016 compared to 2000–2007, is worrisome as it indicates a shift away from the recommended food habits. Subgroups of women and men with less healthy dietary patterns in the time window 2008–2016 with lower education, lower age, higher body mass index, lower levels of physical activity and more smoking were identified and future interventions may be targeted towards these groups. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-019-0464-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Intake of Vegetables, Fruits and Berries and Compliance to “Five-a-Day” in a General Norwegian Population—The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

“…Education was positively associated with the reported intake of vegetables, fruits and berries in both women and men. This corresponds to findings from previous Nordic national dietary surveys, Nordic population-based studies and the large survey from the EU [ 8 , 10 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Obesity was positively associated with reported vegetable intake in both women and men.…”

“…This is supported by similar findings from the SAMINOR2 study [ 22 ], but it contrasts with the findings from the Swedish national dietary survey [ 10 ]. Physical activity was positively associated with the reported intake of vegetables, fruits and berries in both women and men, corresponding to similar findings in the Swedish national dietary survey [ 10 ] and in population-based surveys from Norway and Sweden [ 19 , 21 ].…”

Food Consumption Patterns of Male and Female Undergraduate Students in Indonesia During New Normal Implementation of Pandemic Covid-19 Era

“…Animal food is a food source that contains protein and function as a building block and is needed during growth. Besides, protein can help maintain body tissues and replace damaged cells [6].…”

“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to balance food consumption to maintain body immunity [5]. Along with proper and varied food consumption, immunity will be maintained so that students can ward off diseases and other types of infections [6]. However, if already infected, the healing will be quicker [7].…”

Diets benefiting health and climate relate to longevity in northern Sweden

“…Surprisingly, for men none of the groups with a diet of higher quality showed a lower risk of total mortality than the reference group. More narrow ranges in reported intake of various foods among men than among women in the VIP cohort have been shown in the earlier years of the study period ( 41 ), although in the later years more similar variances in reported intake among both sexes have been found ( 42 ). Consequently, our study may have had less ability to detect statistically significant differences in intake between subgroups of men.…”