Changes in Glial Cells During Human Telencephalic Myelinogenesis

Mickel, Hubert S.; Gilles, Floyd H.

doi:10.1093/brain/93.2.337

Cited by 65 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…la and b) are not found in normal human myelinating telencephalic white matter (Mickel and Gilles, 1968). With appropriate stains they have the configuration of astrocytes (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Perinatal telencephalic leucoencephalopathy.

Gilles¹,

Murphy²

1969

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

117

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The frequent, though generally unrecognized, occurrence of damage to telencephalic white matter during the perinatal period prompted the present characterization of the pathological changes as well as a consideration of associated clinical and necropsy findings. Symmetrical astrocytosis or acutely damaged glial cells found predominantly in regions undergoing myelination suggest that the latter is associated with enhanced vulnerability. Although a single aetiological factor could not be identified in the clinical and necropsy data of the infants in this study, it may well be that the changes in developing white matter are non-specific morphological responses to a variety of noxious stimuli. The available data indicate an increasing deficit in brain weight with increasing survival age and the speculation is tendered that infants may survive the neonatal period with varying degrees of permanent symmetrical deficit of telencephalic white matter. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe material consisted of 271 brains, ranging in age from six gestational months to the end of the third postnatal month, collected consecutively over a three year period, 1965 to 1967 inclusively. Sixty-six brains were set aside because of the presence of the following conditions: malformation or genetic abnormality, intracranial tumour, subdural haematoma, meningitis, hypoglycaemia embolic encephalopathy, phenylketonuria, rubella, hyperbilirubinaemia, and massive matrix haemorrhage with rupture into the telencephalon. Nine brains could not be utilized for technical reasons. The remaining 196 brains were obtained from patients dying from a variety of non-neurological diseases and constitute the basis of this report. Brains were fixed in one of three fixatives: 4% formaldehyde in physiological saline, phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde, or 4% formaldehyde to which 2% calcium acetate and 2-5% sucrose had been added. The morphological abnormalities in these brains were not fixative dependent as adjacent blocks from both normal and abnormal brains fixed in each solution were comparable. All brains were cut in a standard fashion related to certain landmarks at the base of the brain. Representative blocks were processed and embedded in paraffin. Previous experience indicated that celloidin embedded material was not satisfactory for identifying glial abnormalities in unmyelinated or myelinating white matter. Sections were cut at 10 , and were stained with one or several standard stains or methods, including haematoxylin and eosin, phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin, Bodian for axons, Luxol Fast Blue, Solochrome Cyanin R, cresyl violet, Von Kossa, Gomori for iron, Millon's for protein, periodic acid Schiff, Gomori trichrome, and Holzer.The following morphological criteria of damage in myelinating white matter were utilized:HYPERTROPHIC ASTROCYTES Cells with pale vesicular nuclei and eosinophilic irregular hyaline cytoplasm (Figs. la and b) are not found in normal human myelinating telencephalic white matter (Mickel and Gilles, 1968). With appropriate stains they ...

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“…la and b) are not found in normal human myelinating telencephalic white matter (Mickel and Gilles, 1968). With appropriate stains they have the configuration of astrocytes (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Perinatal telencephalic leucoencephalopathy.

Gilles¹,

Murphy²

1969

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

117

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“…Sudanophilic lipid droplets in glial cells in the unmyelinated cerebral white matter of human infants have been viewed by some to be the result of perinatal hypoxia (14,18,19) whereas others have regarded them as normal precursors of cerebral myelination (17,26). The discovery of similar lipid accumulations in the brains of infant subhuman primates, made hypoxic and acidotic by manipulating the maternal blood pressure (22,23), and in foci of spontaneous periventricular leukomalacia (21), appeared to support the first interpretation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some investigators ( 14,18,19) have considered these cells to be pathologic, the result of hypoxia or other stresses in the perinatal period, and termed "glial fatty metamorphosis" (14). Others (17,26) regard them as nonpathologic, but the normal precursors of myelination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Corticosteroid Therapy and the Fetal Brain in Experimental Hyaline Membrane Disease

1984

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Summaryrespiratory function of each fetus was determined and supported. The animals were sacrificed at 3 h of age. The possible acute deleterious effects of maternal glucocortiBrain weights were similar in the two groups. Dark, shrunken, coid administration on the fetal nervous system and the patho-pyknotic neurons were present in the hippocampus of three logic significance of sudanophilic lipids in glial cells were studied treated and two control animals. Lipid-containing glial cells were in the premature pigtail monkey (macaca mulatta). At 72, 48, present in all animals. Neither appeared to be related to steroid and 24 h before delivery at 135 f 1 d gestation, dams were treatment or to the degree of respiratory distress. treated with either 4 mg dexamethasone or saline. After delivery,We conclude that short-term glucocorticoid therapy in doses

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“…perivascular cells [Cammermeyer, 1966;Matthews and Kruger, 1973a, b). perithelial cells [Mickel andGilles, 1970: Jellinger andSeitelberger, 1971], and pericapillary cells [Boo: et al, 1974]. In the vast majority of cases the cells were not regarded as phagocytic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have more bearing on func tion than structure [Mickel andGilles, 1970: Jellinger andSeitelberger, 1971;Reinhardt and Schmidt, 1975], but contradict each other. Whereas Mickel and Gilles believed that their "perithelial' cells (our NLMs) probably played a role in lipid transport into the maturingmyelinating -human infant brain, the other authors seemed to believe exit of lipids took place through the cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mast cells of the mammalian central nervous system

Mz¹,

Me²,

Bahuth³

1979

Cells Tissues Organs

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The brains of young adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied with the electron microscope to determine the full ultrastructural picture of two types of perivascular granular cell. One of these, referred to here as the type I cell and described by both light and electron microscopy by several authors, including ourselves, has been reported to be a mast cell (MC) almost identical to MCs outside the CNS. The other, referred to here as the type II cell and described by many authors under almost as many names, was dealt with fully by Ibrahim in several reports and regarded by him as a type of MC. It is felt that the results warrant the conclusions that the type I cells are indeed MCs, while the type II cells are closely allied to the type I cells and probably better adapted to the function they subserve in the CNS of mammals. The similarities between the two cell types probably outnumber the dissimilarities and even these have their counterparts in MCs outside the CNS. The problem of the possible confusion between the type II cells and macrophages, whether reportedly within vessel walls or in the form of modified or special ‘pericytic’ microglia, is discussed. It is concluded that there is no justification for regarding these cells as macrophages. Because of the similarity between the type II cells and MCs, and because of the high lipid content of the type II cells, it is suggested that these elements be called neurolipomastocytes or neurolipomastocytoid cells.

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Changes in Glial Cells During Human Telencephalic Myelinogenesis

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

Perinatal telencephalic leucoencephalopathy.

Perinatal telencephalic leucoencephalopathy.

Maternal Corticosteroid Therapy and the Fetal Brain in Experimental Hyaline Membrane Disease

The mast cells of the mammalian central nervous system

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