Changes in Mucosal and Humoral Atopic-Related Markers and Immunoglobulins in Elite Cyclists Participating in the <i>Vuelta a España</i>

McKune, Andrew J.; Smith, LL; Semple, SJ; Wadee, Ahmed A.; Fickl, Heidi; Villa, José G.; Gómez‐Gallego, Félix; Juan, Alejandro F. San; Lucia, Andrieş

doi:10.1055/s-2005-865858

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In elite athletes, immunological alterations reduce performance and endurance levels [13,18,19] associated to decreased immune function and increased susceptibility to infections [9]. However, the mechanisms of these immunological changes with training or exercise are still unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The immune system is a multifaceted array of cells, proteins, and compounds that respond sensitively to a variety of stimuli such as acute exercise and prolonged training in athletes [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. In elite athletes, immunological alterations reduce performance and endurance levels [13,18,19] associated to decreased immune function and increased susceptibility to infections [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune response to exercise in elite sportsmen during the competitive season

et al. 2010

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Our aim was to evaluate the chronic effects of training and competition during a 4-month season on immune response in professional volleyball players. Players took part in an incremental maximal cycling test at the beginning and at the end of the season. As control group, subjects with regular recreational activity were selected. Blood samples were obtained at rest, immediately after the exercise test, and after 30 min recovery. Volleyball players have similar basal levels of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and total protein and urate than controls and higher levels of creatinine and activities of AST, ALT, and GGT. Maximal incremental exercise test significantly increased erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, and blood hemoglobin levels in volleyball players. T- and B-lymphocytes significantly increased after exercise test and were maintained high during recovery. Cortisol levels were significantly increased immediately after exercise and during recovery with respect to basal values. Basal and post-exercise cortisol levels were significantly higher at the final of season than at the beginning. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and complement fractions (C3, C4) were unaffected by the volleyball season. The IgG and IgM levels were significantly higher after exercise and recovery than basal levels. Maximal exercise test induced an acute phase/inflammatory response characterized by increased circulating lymphocytes, antibody response, and cortisol levels. Competition season increases cortisol concentration indicative of accumulated stress intensity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response to exercise in elite sportsmen during the competitive season

et al. 2010

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“…17 Statistical results of the different proteins where there were significant differences are discussed individually below. There were no significant alterations in C1-esterase inhibitor and IgG4.…”

Section: Serological Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complement, immunoglobulin and creatine kinase response in black and white males after muscle-damaging exercise

McKune¹,

Semple

Smith

et al. 2009

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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Racial disparities have been demonstrated in athletic performance 1 and in the predisposition towards specific diseases.2 Immune/inflammatory pathways may be important in the pattern and/or progression of disease. 3,4 Research has demonstrated differences in the level of circulating immune/inflammatory markers as well as genotypic differences which may help to explain disease predisposition in specific racial groups. 3,4 In contrast, there is limited information relating to immune/inflammatory responses to exercise between racial groups. Such information is particularly relevant -strenuous exercise has been shown to alter immune/inflammatory responses predisposing athletes to infection and possibly injury, 5 which would ultimately impact on training and performance.Eccentric and/or strenuous unaccustomed exercise has been shown to elicit changes in skeletal muscle morphology.6 These changes are typically accompanied by increases in circulating creatine kinase (CK), local muscle swelling and soreness as well as alterations in circulating inflammatory markers such as leucocytes and cytokines. 7-9 Based on these observations, researchers have utilised exercise, particularly eccentrically biased exercise, to induce muscle damage and investigate immune/inflammatory sequelae.The key components of innate and adaptive immunity are the complement system and immunoglobulins, respectively. The complement system is composed of a number of proteins that are intricately involved in a variety of immune-related functions. Complement has been described as an important role player in cellular activation, chemotaxis, inflammation and clearance of immune complexes. [10][11][12] Immunoglobulins are crucial components of humoral immunity, having pathogen neutralisation and orIgInal research arTIcle complement, immunoglobulin and creatine kinase response in black and white males after muscle-damaging exercise abstract objectives. To determine the effect of eccentrically biased exercise and ethnic group on circulating levels of complement, immunoglobulin creatine kinase. Seven black and 8 white males (18 -22 years), active but untrained, participated in the study. Subjects performed a 60-minute downhill run on a treadmill (gradient -13.5%) at a speed eliciting 75% of their VO2 peak on a level grade. Venipunctures were performed before, immediately after and then at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours afterwards. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, serum complement (C3, C4) and immunoglobulin (total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA) concentrations were compared using a repeated measures ANOVA.results. There was an interaction (p=0.0055) and ethnic group effect (p<0.0001) for CK activity with consistently higher levels in the black group. CK increased over time after the run, peaking at 12 h for both groups. C3, C4, total IgG, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA were significantly higher (ethnic group effect, p<0.001), and IgG2 significantly lower (ethnic group effect, p<0.001) in the black group. Significantly higher resting concentrations of total IgG...

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“…In addition, participants were required to return in a fasted state to the ETL at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after each run for an additional saliva collection on each day. Upon arriving at the ETL, participants sat quietly for fifteen minutes as a standardised saliva collection procedure was followed [ 31 ]. Saliva samples were collected via unstimulated passive drool over a time period of five minutes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated bouts of eccentrically biased endurance exercise stimulate salivary IgA secretion rate

McKune¹,

Starzak²,

Semple³

2014

Biol Sport

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To determine the salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) response to repeated bouts of unaccustomed, downhill running (eccentrically biased) and examine potential protective immunological adaption from a repeated bout effect. Eleven active but untrained males (age: 19.7±0.4 years; VO2peak: 47.8± 3.6 ml · kg−1 · min −1) performed two 60 min bouts (Run 1 and Run 2) of downhill running (−13.5% gradient), separated by 14 days, at a speed eliciting 75% of their VO2peak on a level grade. Saliva samples were collected before (baseline), immediately post exercise (IPE), and every hour for 12 h and every 24 h for 6 days after each run. Salivary sIgA concentration was measured and sIgA secretion rate was calculated. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA (12 h period: 2x14; 24 h intervals: 2x7; p ≤ 0.05) with Tukey post-hoc tests where appropriate. Results are reported as means ± SE. There was a significant (p < 0.0001) interaction effect for sIgA secretion rate, IPE, with higher values after Run 2, as well as a significant (p < 0.01) time effect with elevated levels IPE and between 24 h and 144 h. There was a run effect (p < 0.0001), with the sIgA secretion rate significantly higher after Run 2. Repeated bouts of unaccustomed, eccentrically biased exercise induced alterations in the salivary sIgA secretion rate. This may serve as a protective mucosal adaptation to exercise-induced tissue damage.

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Changes in Mucosal and Humoral Atopic-Related Markers and Immunoglobulins in Elite Cyclists Participating in the Vuelta a España

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Immune response to exercise in elite sportsmen during the competitive season

Immune response to exercise in elite sportsmen during the competitive season

Complement, immunoglobulin and creatine kinase response in black and white males after muscle-damaging exercise

Repeated bouts of eccentrically biased endurance exercise stimulate salivary IgA secretion rate

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