Changes in neutrophil count, creatine kinases and muscle soreness after repeated bouts of downhill running

Smith, Louis L.; Semple, Stuart; McKune, Andrew J.; Neveling, N; Caldeira, Miguel; Swanepoel, Jean-Marie; Tsomele, Lebogang; Naidoo, Melissa; Sibanda, Emmanuel SibandaE.

doi:10.17159/2078-516x/2007/v19i3a260

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“… 21 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 40 , 41 Peak soreness can occur between 24 and 96 hours after the eccentric con tractions. 14 , 21 , 27 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 43 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies, the range has varied from pretest values of 83 units/L to 154 units/L; after 24 hours from 230 to 822 units/L; after 48 hours from 20 to 598 units/L; after 72 hours from 200 to 1,620 units/L; and after 96 hours from 132 to 500 units/L. 15 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 42 , 44 Two studies recorded peak CK levels of over 10,000 units/L. 16 , 39 In one training session in 1980, completed by Athletics West world-class runners who were asked to do 100 sit-ups with a 11.3 kg (25 pounds) weight on their chests, CK levels were recorded near 30,000 units/L.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neutrophils are the first type of white blood cells to enter injured muscle tissue. 16 , 29 , 35 , 42 At rest, many neutrophils are connected to the endothelial walls of blood vessels. At the onset of eccentric contractions, increases in cell-signaling molecules disconnect the neutrophils from the vessel walls, resulting in mobilization into the circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grounding after moderate eccentric contractions reduces muscle damage

Brown¹,

Chevalier²,

Hill³

2015

OAJSM

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Grounding a human to the earth has resulted in changes in the physiology of the body. A pilot study on grounding and eccentric contractions demonstrated shortened duration of pain, reduced creatine kinase (CK), and differences in blood parameters. This follow-up study was conducted to investigate the effects of grounding after moderate eccentric contractions on pain, CK, and complete blood counts. Thirty-two healthy young men were randomly divided into grounded (n=16) and sham-grounded (n=16) groups. On days 1 through 4, visual analog scale for pain evaluations and blood draws were accomplished. On day 1, the participants performed eccentric contractions of 200 half-knee bends. They were then grounded or sham-grounded to the earth for 4 hours on days 1 and 2. Both groups experienced pain on all posttest days. On day 2, the sham-grounded group experienced significant CK increase (P<0.01) while the CK of the grounded group did not increase significantly; the between-group difference was significant (P=0.04). There was also an increase in the neutrophils of the grounded group on day 3 (P=0.05) compared to the sham-grounded group. There was a significant increase in platelets in the grounded group on days 2 through 4. Grounding produced changes in CK and complete blood counts that were not shared by the sham-grounded group. Grounding significantly reduced the loss of CK from the injured muscles indicating reduced muscle damage. These results warrant further study on the effects of earthing on delayed onset muscle damage.

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“… 21 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 40 , 41 Peak soreness can occur between 24 and 96 hours after the eccentric con tractions. 14 , 21 , 27 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 43 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Grounding after moderate eccentric contractions reduces muscle damage

Brown¹,

Chevalier²,

Hill³

2015

OAJSM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This study formed part of a published study that reported on the responses of indirect markers of muscle damage to two bouts of downhill running [ 30 ]. Serum creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness were significantly reduced after the second bout of running, thus demonstrating a repeated bout effect [ 30 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the start of the run, participants warmed up for 5 minutes by running on a level grade at the pre-determined speed. The treadmill was then lowered to a -13.5% decline and participants ran for 60 minutes [ 30 ]. The participants remained in the exercise testing laboratory (ETL) for 12 h after the run.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated bouts of eccentrically biased endurance exercise stimulate salivary IgA secretion rate

McKune¹,

Starzak²,

Semple³

2014

Biol Sport

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To determine the salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) response to repeated bouts of unaccustomed, downhill running (eccentrically biased) and examine potential protective immunological adaption from a repeated bout effect. Eleven active but untrained males (age: 19.7±0.4 years; VO2peak: 47.8± 3.6 ml · kg−1 · min −1) performed two 60 min bouts (Run 1 and Run 2) of downhill running (−13.5% gradient), separated by 14 days, at a speed eliciting 75% of their VO2peak on a level grade. Saliva samples were collected before (baseline), immediately post exercise (IPE), and every hour for 12 h and every 24 h for 6 days after each run. Salivary sIgA concentration was measured and sIgA secretion rate was calculated. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA (12 h period: 2x14; 24 h intervals: 2x7; p ≤ 0.05) with Tukey post-hoc tests where appropriate. Results are reported as means ± SE. There was a significant (p < 0.0001) interaction effect for sIgA secretion rate, IPE, with higher values after Run 2, as well as a significant (p < 0.01) time effect with elevated levels IPE and between 24 h and 144 h. There was a run effect (p < 0.0001), with the sIgA secretion rate significantly higher after Run 2. Repeated bouts of unaccustomed, eccentrically biased exercise induced alterations in the salivary sIgA secretion rate. This may serve as a protective mucosal adaptation to exercise-induced tissue damage.

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Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were − 12% (− 15%; − 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h−1 (9.8 km h−1; 12.9 km h−1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.

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Changes in neutrophil count, creatine kinases and muscle soreness after repeated bouts of downhill running

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Grounding after moderate eccentric contractions reduces muscle damage

Grounding after moderate eccentric contractions reduces muscle damage

Repeated bouts of eccentrically biased endurance exercise stimulate salivary IgA secretion rate

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

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