Changes in Physical Environment of the Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh: A River Basin Approach

Abstract

This study deals with the nature and state of geomorphic environmental changes of a coastal river basin at southwestern Bangladesh over a period of three decades (1973-2009). The study concentrates on the Kholpetua river basin, which receive fresh water flow from Betna in the upstream and tidal flow in the middle from Morichapa and finally drains to the Bay of Bengal through Kapotakshi River. The whole Kholpetua basin may be divided into three distinct parts: fresh water upstream, brackish water middle part and saline lower part.
 Large-scale population increase, both in the upper and middle basin; infrastructure development, in the form of road network and introduction of HYV rice in the floodplain of Betna and shrimp farming on the brackish water have lead to the loss of both quality and extent of wetland resources in the basin area, endangering the geomorphological balance in terms of input and output between upstream and downstream. A large section of Betna has dried-up, and most of the tributaries and distributaries of the Morichapa have been silted up, partly because of extensive polders of the sub-basin. As a result, energy exchange (through tide) between basin plains and channels ways has lost vitality.
 Multi-spectral remote sensing data, in conjunction with topographical maps and ancillary data analysis reveals that throughout the basin, a wide range of anthropogenic interference have physically altered the characteristic ecosystem of the basin. The agricultural land is about 79,395 ha. in 1973, which is reduced at about 53,328 ha in 2009. With 1779 to 2001, a strip of about 20 km wide mangrove forest has been disappeared. Such physical alteration has been initiated with the poldering of middle brackish water part of the basin and later with the introduction of extensive shrimp cultivation. Attempt has been made to explore the linkage of upstream landuse activities and drainage alteration to the hydrological and geomorphological behavior of the downstream basin areas, extrapolate ecological sensitivity of the basin.