Changes in Pulmonary Cytokines during Antibiotic Therapy for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Abstract

This pilot study indicates pulmonary concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-alpha decrease in microbiologic responders with VAP. Conversely, clinical response parameters were discordant with the microbiologic response. The utility of pulmonary cytokine behavior in evaluating the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for VAP should be studied further.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Neonatal Patients: An Update

“…Cytokines have also been rendered useful for monitoring the response to antibiotic treatment. Swanson et al [40] reported that pulmonary concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-α decreased in microbiological responders with VAP; however, the sample size was relatively small and the results should be confirmed.…”

Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Early Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Cause for Concern?

“…Patients with suspected VAP underwent bronchoscopy in a uniform manner with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as described previously [9,[17][18][19].…”

“…Empiric anti-microbial therapy in our trauma unit is standardized via a VAP pathway that has been well validated [7,9,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Briefly, empiric antimicrobial selection was based on days from admission.…”

Early increase of VEGF‐A is associated with resolution of ventilator‐associated pneumonia: Clinical and experimental evidence

“…to resolution of VAP are incompletely understood and involve stimulation of the healing process by the alveolar macrophages. 2 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A belongs to the endothelium adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to migrate between endothelial cells during inflammation. Part of its mechanism of action is also related with disruption of the endothelium and development of tissue interstitial oedema and neovascularization.…”

“…Survivors may experience respiratory insufficiency due to the fibrosis of the lung that develops during the healing process . The mechanisms leading to resolution of VAP are incompletely understood and involve stimulation of the healing process by the alveolar macrophages …”