Changes in the frequency of swallowing during electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve in rats

Suppression of the swallowing reflex by stimulation of the red nucleus

“…Of 34 data, the threshold to evoke swallowing reflex was higher in 7 data of this study than that in the previous studies (Tsuji et al, 2015;Tsujimura et al, 2012). As described in other study (Mostafeezur et al, 2012), it was difficult to keep fixation of electrode to stimulate the SLN in the prone position in this study.…”

Peripheral and central control of swallowing initiation in healthy humans

“…The complexity of swallowing may be due to two critical functions of this behavior: 1) propelling the food bolus from the oral cavity into the stomach through the pharynx and the esophagus, and 2) protecting the upper respiratory tract from aspiration or suffocation by secretions or food The superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which innervates the laryngopharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa, represents a peripheral input involved in the swallowing reflex. SLN stimulation can readily trigger a swallowing reflex even in anesthetized animals [5][6][7]. There are two pieces of evidence to suggest that peripheral inputs may play a major role in initiating swallowing within the neural circuitry in the brainstem: 1) the nucleus tractus solitarii, which is part of the swallowing CPG, directly receives rich inputs from afferent fibers of the SLN, and 2) initiation of the swallowing reflex is not interrupted after ablation of the cortex [6].…”

“…Regarding the peripheral inputs, in addition to mechanical or chemical stimulation, electrical stimulation of the SLN innervating pharyngeal and laryngeal regions or pharyngeal mucosa can easily evoke the swallowing reflex in animals[6,7] or facilitate involuntary or voluntary swallowing in humans[8,28]. Because the laryngopharyngeal mucosa, which was stimulated in the present study, is mainly innervated by the SLN, it is reasonable to expect the swallowing CPG was directly activated by PEStim.…”

“…SLN stimulation can readily trigger a swallowing reflex even in anesthetized animals [5][6][7]. There are two pieces of evidence to suggest that peripheral inputs may play a major role in initiating swallowing within the neural circuitry in the brainstem: 1) the nucleus tractus solitarii, which is part of the swallowing CPG, directly receives rich inputs from afferent fibers of the SLN, and 2) initiation of the swallowing reflex is not interrupted after ablation of the cortex [6]. In addition, repetitive pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PEStim) has been found to evoke a swallowing reflex and can facilitate voluntary swallowing in conscious humans [8].…”

Programa terapêutico fonoaudiológico ambulatorial para disfagia orofaríngea em adultos e idosos

“…Vários métodos clínicos (10,11,12) são utilizados na reabilitação da disfagia, tais como a terapia tradicional, eletroestimulação (13,14,15,16) e biofeedback (17,18) .…”